Blog

Basics   Regardless of pump type or application, there are basic startup steps. In this article, in addition to covering some general startup procedures, we'll also address some often-overlooked details (common mistakes) that can lead maintenance personnel and equipment to disaster. Note: All pumps mentioned in this article are centrifugal pumps.   I've witnessed some costly startup mistakes that could have been easily avoided if the operator had read and observed a few key points in the equipment's Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Manual (EOMM).   Let's start with a few basic, correct steps, regardless of pump type, model, or application. 1) Carefully review the EOMM and local facility operating procedures/manuals. 2) Every centrifugal pump must be primed, vented, and filled with liquid before startup. Pumps to be started must be properly primed and vented. 3) The pump suction valve must be fully open. 4) The pump discharge valve can be closed, partially open, or fully open, depending on several factors discussed in Part 2 of this article. 5) The bearings of the pump and driver must have the appropriate lubricant at the proper level and/or grease present. For oil-mist or pressurized oil lubrication, verify that the external lubrication system is activated. 6) The packing and/or mechanical seals must be correctly adjusted and/or set. 7) The driver must be precisely aligned with the pump. 8) The entire pump and system installation and layout are complete (valves are in place). 9) The operator is authorized to start the pump (lockout/tagout procedures are performed). 10) Start the pump and then open the outlet valve (to the desired operating position). 11) Observe the relevant instruments—the outlet pressure gauge rises to the correct pressure and the flow meter indicates the correct flow.   So far, it seems simple, but let me offer some advice. Do you initially assume you've purchased a smooth-running pump that generates the appropriate flow and head at its best efficiency point (BEP) and can be started without any problems after simple preparation? If so, you've missed several steps in the startup process described above.   We often find ourselves at a pump, unprepared for initial startup, accompanied by an impatient, inexperienced operations supervisor urging us to "start it." The problem is that there's actually a long list of items that should be completed and/or checked before that dramatic startup moment. Pumps are expensive, and it's easy to squander all that cost, or more, in the single second it takes to hit the start button.   This article will limit its discussion to the "things" required and/or recommended before startup. The more complex the pump and system, the more steps and checks are required. I won't cover more complex installations and procedures, as these operators are typically highly trained and experienced.   The decision and actions regarding the correct pump selection begin long before what we call the critical moment of startup (or what we might call "things to do before or during installation").   Preliminary work that should be completed in advance includes foundation design, grouting, pipe strain relief, ensuring adequate NPSH margins, pipe sizing and system configuration, material selection, system hydrostatic testing, monitoring instrumentation, immersion calculations, and auxiliary system configuration and requirements.   ANSI Pumps   American National Standards Institute (ANSI) pumps are one of the most common pump types in the world. Therefore, this article will explain some important aspects of this type of pump.   ANSI pumps include adjustable impeller clearance settings. There are essentially two contrasting styles, but both must be adjusted to the proper clearance before startup. The mechanical seal also requires adjustment and setting. Important: The seal must be set after the impeller clearance is set; otherwise, the settings/adjustments will be off.   The direction of rotation of ANSI pumps is crucial because if the pump rotates in the wrong direction, the impeller will immediately "expand" (loosen from the shaft) into the pump casing, causing costly damage to the casing, impeller, shaft, bearings, and mechanical seal. Therefore, these pumps are often shipped without a coupling installed. The driver rotation direction must be checked before installing the coupling. Unfortunately, this step is often skipped during field commissioning, a common problem.   Priming   The pump must be primed before startup, a fact often misunderstood or overlooked. Even self-priming pumps must be primed before the first startup. Primed means that all air and non-condensable gases have been expelled from the suction line and pump, and only the (pumped) liquid is present in the system. If the pump is in a submerged system, priming is relatively easy. A submerged system simply means that the liquid source is located above the centerline of the pump impeller. To remove the air and non-condensable gases, they must still be vented to the outside of the system. Most systems will include a vent line with a valve or a removable plug to facilitate venting.   Venting Tips   A running pump cannot be properly vented. The heavier liquid will be expelled, while the lighter air/gas remains within the pump, often trapped in the impeller inlet and/or stuffing box/seal chamber. Improper venting explains the squealing noise heard during startup, which disappears after a minute and before the mechanical seal begins to leak due to dry grinding. Most seal chambers/stuffing boxes should be vented separately before startup. Pumps with throat bushings (restrictive) in the stuffing box present specific venting challenges. Some specialized seal flushing systems and accessories will allow for automatic venting of this design. Don't assume your system has a special design.   Vertical pumps have their own unique venting requirements. Because the stuffing box is at a high point, extra precautions are required in these cases (typically with Plan 13 venting).   Pumps with centerline discharge piping are generally suitable for automatic venting, but not necessarily for stuffing box or seal chamber venting. Axially split pumps or pumps with tangential discharge will require additional means of venting the pump casing (typically by installing a vent pipe at a high point in the pump casing). Regardless of pump type, air still needs somewhere to go, so make sure it has somewhere to go.   The pump suction inlet is not submerged   When the liquid source is below the impeller centerline, the pump must be vented and primed in some other way. There are three main methods: 1) Use a foot valve (check valve) on the suction side of the pump nozzle. Liquid can be added to the suction line, and the foot valve will hold it in the line until the pump is started. 2) Use an external device to create a vacuum on the suction line. This can be done with a vacuum pump, ejector, or auxiliary pump (usually a positive displacement pump). 3) Use a priming tank or priming chamber.   Additional Tips   Foot valves tend to be unreliable and are notorious for failing or sticking in the worst-case scenario in either the fully open or fully closed position. When it fails in a partial position, you might not realize it's not working.   Any air in the suction line still needs to go somewhere (otherwise it's trapped), and the pump won't be able to compress it. You'll need some type of vent line or automatic vent valve. If there's a check valve downstream, the pump won't be able to generate enough pressure to lift and open the check valve.   Self-priming pumps, or those primed from other sources, require lubrication of the mechanical seal during startup and priming. Many self-priming units address this issue by using an oil-filled seal chamber design. Of course, the pump doesn't necessarily have oil in this chamber; you'll need to add it before startup. Other pumps will require an external lubrication source and/or a separate seal flushing system.   A self-priming pump in operating mode won't leak liquid out of the suction line or seal chamber, as these areas are typically under a certain vacuum, but you do realize that air can leak in.   Other Considerations   The following is a summary of other checks and procedures that are often overlooked when starting a pump, in no particular order.   Safety always comes first and should be the primary guideline. Remember, you may be working with a hot, acid-containing, and automatically starting pressurized system. You are also working next to rotating equipment, which will not hesitate to fight back if the correct operating procedures are not followed.   No matter where you start up equipment, there is a 99% chance that the owner has certain mandatory procedures to follow.   However, the most common oversight I see is the operator's manual being discarded, leading to a long list of incorrect operating habits that include things that should be done on-site but are not. Users must understand that no industrial pump is "plug and play."   A simple check is to crank the pump by hand (also known as "cranking"). The pump should turn freely, without binding or friction. Larger pumps may require additional torque due to inertia, and appropriate tools can be used to overcome this torque (be mindful of how and where you use the tool to prevent damage to the pump shaft).   Cranking should be performed after lubrication or startup, but before seal setting. (If the seal flushing system is active or the seal chamber is filled with flushing fluid and adequately vented, cranking can be performed after seal setting. Three to five cranking turns are typically sufficient.) Furthermore, cranking is much easier before coupling assembly.   This means that the system must be locked out and tagged out (e.g., to prevent accidental startup).   Never power a centrifugal pump without first checking the direction of rotation on the unconnected driver! Incorrect cranking is probably the second most common mistake I see.   New systems often have a significant amount of dirt and debris left in the construction lines. Before starting the pump, it is prudent to install a temporary (commissioning) filter in the suction line. The filter must have sufficient flow area to allow adequate flow without significantly affecting the NPSH margin. The filter must have some method of measuring its own differential pressure; otherwise, you won't know when it's clogged.   Pump systems with long, empty discharge lines will experience problems during initial startup. When the pipeline is full of liquid, the pump has little resistance, so it runs at the "end" (i.e., runout) of the curve. You can introduce temporary artificial resistance by partially closing the outlet valve. The risk of water hammer and related damage also increases when the pipeline system is filled.   Before starting the pump, you should know the expected flow rate and pressure (which will be displayed on the instrument). Also, know the expected ampere readings, frequency (if using a variable frequency drive (VFD)), and power readings in advance. If the facility does not have these devices, I like to bring my own strobe tachometer, vibration probe, and infrared digital thermometer (note: permits are usually required, and many facilities do not allow the use of personal equipment).   Before starting the pump, verify that the mechanical seal support system is working. This is especially important in API seal flushing plans 21, 23, 32, 41, 52, 53, 54, and 62.   For pumps using packing in the stuffing box, check to ensure that a flush line is present and, if so, is it connected to a clean liquid source. Also, check that the stuffing box has sufficient pressure (flow). It's best to start the seal flush before opening the pump's inlet and outlet valves. Consult your pump and/or packing supplier to verify the correct packing leakage rate, which will vary with fluid temperature and other physical properties, shaft speed, and size.   If you can't find a reliable answer for your application, use a standard of 10 drops per minute per inch (per 25 mm) of shaft diameter. During the initial break-in period, I typically choose a more generous leakage rate (30 to 55 drops per minute), regardless of diameter.   Adjust the gland in small increments—adjust each gland nut one equal increment at a time—over several adjustments, taking 15 to 30 minutes to complete. Patience is the key to properly adjusting the packing.   Use all your senses when starting the pump and its auxiliary equipment. Check for sparks, smoke, and friction, such as from improperly set bearing isolators or oil deflectors. Listen for the popping of bubbles in the impeller or the squeal of a mechanical seal desperately in need of lubrication. Can you smell it? The packing shouldn't be smoking. Is the equipment loose due to imbalance or cavitation? Can you feel vibration in the floor and/or piping?   Always minimize the time the pump operates in or near the minimum flow area (left side of the curve). Equally important, avoid operating the pump on the extreme right side of the curve (near the runout point).   If you are pumping high-temperature media, avoid thermal shock issues by following a warm-up (pump warm-up) procedure before startup. Large pumps may have minimum and maximum allowable temperature rises and cool-down rates. Many multistage pumps will require a warm-up procedure that also involves slow rotation on the cranking gear for a specified time or a predetermined temperature differential.   During startup, closely monitor the bearing metal temperature (or oil temperature). Do not feel the temperature with your hand, as it is not an accurate method. More importantly, most people will feel the bearing housing is hot at 120°F (49°C). Bearing metal or oil temperatures approaching 175°F to 180°F (80°C to 82°C) are not uncommon. The key parameter to observe is the rate of temperature change. A rapid temperature rise is a red flag. When this occurs, it's recommended to shut down the unit and investigate the root cause. The location where the temperature is measured is also important. A platinum RTD inserted into the bearing or on the bearing outer ring provides a more accurate and timely reading than the bearing oil sump or return line temperature.   During commissioning, the motor may be started frequently. Be aware of the number of starts allowed per unit time for your motor. Generally, larger motors with fewer poles have fewer starts allowed.   Pump Outlet Valve Status   I'm often asked: Should the outlet valve be open or closed when the pump starts? My answer is: It depends, but the pump inlet valve should always be open.   Next, let's look at the impeller. There are many things to consider, but the main question we'll answer today is: What is the impeller geometry? Based on this geometry, we'll determine the range of specific speed (Ns), as shown in Figure 1. To understand the concept of specific speed, let's focus on the directional path of the liquid, specifically how it enters and leaves the impeller. Ns is a predictor of the shape of the head, power, and efficiency curves.   Figure 1: Specific Speed ​​Values ​​for Different Impeller Types   Low Specific Speed   If the liquid enters the impeller parallel to the shaft centerline and leaves it at a 90-degree (perpendicular) angle to the shaft centerline, the impeller is in the low specific speed range.   Medium Specific Speed   If the liquid enters the impeller parallel to the shaft centerline and leaves it at a near 45-degree angle, the impeller is in the medium specific speed range. These are mixed flow or Francis blade impellers.   High Specific Speed   If the liquid enters the impeller parallel to the shaft centerline and leaves it parallel to the shaft centerline, this is a high specific speed impeller. This type of axial flow impeller looks similar to a propeller on a ship or aircraft.   Specific Speed ​​vs. Pump Power Curve Shape   Don't know your impeller's specific speed? Ask the equipment manufacturer. For low specific speed pumps, as you open the pump outlet valve and increase flow, the required brake horsepower (BHP) increases. As you might intuitively expect, this is a direct relationship. For medium specific speed pumps, the BHP curve and its maximum point shift to the left by a nominal amount. In the past, you might not have noticed this change. Axial flow pumps have high specific speeds, and BHP approaches its maximum at lower flow rates, actually decreasing as flow increases. Perhaps contrary to your expectations? Notice that the slope of the power curve changes when the impeller design changes from low to high specific speed.

In power plant operations, pump selection is a crucial task, directly impacting the plant's proper functioning and efficiency.     First, consider the pump's flow rate requirements. This depends on the plant's size, the number of units, and the design requirements of the cooling and water supply systems. Accurately calculate the required maximum and average flow rates to ensure the pump can meet water demands under varying operating conditions.   Head pressure is also a key factor in pump selection. Factors such as the pump's installation location, delivery height, and pipeline resistance must be carefully considered to determine the appropriate head pressure to ensure smooth water delivery to the designated location.   Second, the pump's material selection is crucial. Due to the unique operating environment of power plants, which may involve high temperatures, high pressures, and corrosive media, high-temperature, corrosion-resistant, and pressure-resistant materials, such as stainless steel and alloy steel, are essential to extend the pump's service life.   Furthermore, the pump's efficiency directly impacts the power plant's energy consumption. High-efficiency pumps can meet flow and head requirements while reducing operating costs. Therefore, when selecting a model, you should pay attention to the efficiency curve of the water pump and choose a model with higher efficiency under common working conditions.     Reliability is also a key consideration. Power plants typically require continuous operation, and a pump failure can have serious consequences. Therefore, it's important to choose a brand and manufacturer with a strong reputation, proven technology, and comprehensive after-sales service.   Furthermore, the ease of installation and maintenance of the pump should be considered. Pumps that are easy to install and remove can reduce installation complexity and time, facilitating subsequent maintenance and upkeep.   When selecting a water pump, there are several considerations to keep in mind. Carefully review the pump's technical specifications and performance parameters to ensure they meet your needs. Also, understand the manufacturer's production processes and quality control procedures to ensure consistent pump quality. Before signing a purchase contract, clarify the details and duration of after-sales service, including repairs and parts replacement. Also, ensure the compatibility of the pump and its accompanying motor, ensuring the motor can provide sufficient power and that their speeds and power levels are compatible.   The following are some specific examples of water pump selection: Case 1: Based on the design of its cooling system, a medium-sized power plant calculated a required flow rate of 500 cubic meters per hour and a required head of 80 meters. After comprehensive consideration, a stainless steel centrifugal pump with high efficiency and excellent after-sales service was selected. It performed well and met the cooling requirements. Case 2: During a water supply system renovation at a large power plant, due to high pipe resistance and a high water supply height, a high-head, high-power multi-stage centrifugal pump made of alloy steel was selected to ensure long-term, stable water supply. Finally, the power plant budget should be considered when selecting a pump. Choose a pump with the best price-performance ratio while meeting performance and quality requirements.   In short, the selection of water pumps for power plants needs to comprehensively consider many factors such as flow rate, head, material, efficiency, reliability, installation and maintenance, precautions and budget, and make scientific and reasonable choices to ensure the safe, stable and efficient operation of the power plant.

Hello everyone, I'm Fu Chencheng. We all know that any product category has a vast array of subdivided specifications and models. Therefore, if a brand manufacturer produces every single product, it won't be able to achieve economies of scale. Therefore, outsourcing production to third parties under their own brand name is a very common practice.   Water pumps, as an industrial product, also come in a wide variety of categories, so outsourcing production to third parties under their own brand name is also common. This creates an interesting phenomenon: as manufacturers seek out more and more OEM customers and their technical requirements become increasingly sophisticated, their product costs continue to decline and their quality improves.    As a result, everyone entrusts their products to them, and they become the hidden champions of a particular pump type.   As a veteran of over 20 years in the pump industry, identifying these hidden champions, integrating resources, and helping customers save costs is the true value of our work. Let me share with you my work over the past few years:   1. If you need a stainless steel well submersible pump, our partner in Taizhou is an excellent choice. They specialize in one product and have an annual turnover of 2.8 billion RMB.   2.If you need a home booster pump, our partner in Jiangxi is an excellent choice. They sell six million small vortex booster pumps annually.   3.If you need a solar pump, our partner in Ningbo is an excellent choice; they are the largest solar water pump manufacturer in China.   4. If you need a horizontal multistage high-pressure pump, our partner in Changsha is an excellent choice. They specialize in the D-series multistage pump and are the largest seller in China.   5. If you need a sewage pump, our partner in Taizhou is an excellent choice. They specialize in domestic sewage pumps and have their own R&D team.   6. If you need mine drainage, our partner in Jining is an excellent choice. They are the largest mine drainage pump manufacturer in China. Their products have both general explosion-proof and coal mine safety certifications.   7. If you need a submersible mixer, our partner in Nanjing is an excellent choice. They are the largest mixer manufacturer in China.   8. If you need traditional ISG or ISW series clear water pumps, our partner in Wenling is an excellent choice. They have optimized hydraulic performance and offer higher efficiency.   9. If you need a double-suction pump, our partner in Shanghai is an excellent choice. They specialize in double-suction pumps and several other pump types.    10. If you need a long-shaft deep-well pump, our partner in Liuhe is an excellent choice. They are the largest manufacturer of long-shaft deep-well pumps in China.   The above list only includes some of the leading companies in their respective fields. There are many other highly specialized companies, such as those specializing in fire pumps, fluorine-lined pumps, and potato pumps. While they may not reach the scale of leading companies in their respective fields, they still offer significant cost advantages, so I will not list them all.   Customers' purchasing personnel are often responsible for procuring multiple products, each of which has many different categories. Therefore, it is difficult for customers to fully understand the true performance of each manufacturer. Through our expertise and on-site inspections, we integrate high-quality resources across various pump categories, helping customers save costs and improve efficiency. This is our value proposition! We welcome customers and industry colleagues to join us for discussions.

    1. Municipal Direct Supply   Principle: Water is supplied through the municipal pipeline network to a water tank (or reservoir), which is then pressurized and pumped to the user's water point.   Components: Water tank (reservoir), pump, pipes, valves, etc.   Features: Advantages: Simple system with low investment cost. The water tank can store a certain amount of water, allowing for temporary water supply during a municipal pipeline outage, ensuring continuous water supply. Disadvantages: The water tank requires regular cleaning and disinfection, otherwise it can easily breed bacteria and algae, affecting water quality. It occupies building space (such as a rooftop or basement) and has certain structural requirements.   Applicable scenarios: Multi-story buildings, locations with low water quality requirements, or areas where municipal pipeline pressure is unstable but water storage is required.     2. Superimposed Pressure Water Supply   Principle: Directly connected to the municipal water supply network, water is supplied by superimposing the municipal water supply pressure through a flow stabilization tank and a water pump. No water tank is required (or only a small-volume flow stabilization tank is required).   Components: Flow stabilization tank, water pump unit, pressure sensor, negative pressure prevention device, control cabinet, etc.   Features: Advantages: No large water tank required, saving building space and reducing the risk of water contamination. Overlay water pressure utilizes municipal pipe pressure, resulting in significant energy savings (approximately 30%-50% energy savings compared to traditional variable-frequency water supply). Easy installation and a small footprint make it suitable for retrofit projects. Disadvantages: Limited by municipal pipe pressure, low pressure may affect water supply to surrounding users. Requires high municipal pipe water quality (not suitable for use in areas with easily contaminated water).   Applicable Scenario: Areas with stable municipal pipe pressure and good water quality, particularly suitable for high-rise buildings with high water quality requirements and limited space (such as residential communities and commercial complexes).   3. Industrial Frequency Water Pump Supply Method   Principle: A water pump operates at a fixed speed under a constant industrial frequency power supply (typically 50Hz AC). The centrifugal force generated by the rotating pump impeller pressurizes and delivers water to the pipe network. Its core characteristic is that the pump speed is constant, and the water flow rate is primarily regulated by valves (such as throttle valves and check valves). The speed cannot be adjusted in real time based on water consumption, making this a traditional fixed-speed water supply method.   Components: Flow stabilization tank, pump unit, pressure sensor, piping system, valves, and control devices.   Features: Advantages: Simple system structure, no complex variable frequency control system or pressure sensor required, minimal equipment, and easy installation and commissioning. Low initial investment cost, eliminating expensive equipment such as frequency converters and intelligent controllers, resulting in significantly lower hardware costs than variable frequency water supply systems. Stable operation, stable mains power supply, and no electromagnetic interference or control system failures that can occur with variable frequency equipment. Disadvantages: High energy consumption, poor economic efficiency, inability to adjust speed based on water consumption, and constant operation at maximum power. When water consumption decreases, valves must be used to throttle and reduce pressure, resulting in a "big horse pulling a small cart" phenomenon and significant energy waste. (Statistically, compared to variable frequency water supply, mains frequency water supply may consume more energy.) 30%-50%).   Water pressure fluctuates significantly. During peak water usage, insufficient pump output can cause a drop in water pressure, resulting in insufficient water supply to high-rise users. During low water usage, excessive pressure in the pipe network can damage pipes or water-using appliances (such as faucets and water heaters).   4. Variable Frequency Drive Water Supply Method   Principle: The frequency converter controls the pump speed, adjusting the water supply pressure in real time based on water consumption to maintain constant pipe network pressure.   Components: Pump unit, frequency converter, pressure sensor, control cabinet, piping, etc.   Features: Advantages: High efficiency and energy saving, on-demand water supply, and avoids the "high-pressure throttling" problem of traditional water supply methods. This reduces energy waste. The high degree of automation eliminates frequent manual operation, resulting in stable pressure and a superior water experience. The low starting current of the pump reduces mechanical wear and extends equipment life. Disadvantages: High equipment investment (requires inverters, control cabinets, etc.). High control system stability requirements, requiring specialized maintenance personnel.   Applicable scenarios: High-rise buildings, locations with high water consumption and high water quality requirements (such as hotels, hospitals, and office buildings), or areas with insufficient municipal pipe pressure but requiring a stable water supply.

In the daily operations of chemical plants, mechanical seals are crucial components for ensuring proper equipment operation and preventing leaks. However, when mechanical seals fail and need to be replaced, chemical plants often choose to replace them directly rather than repair them. This seemingly wasteful decision is actually driven by a complex set of considerations.     First   Chemical plants often operate in extremely harsh environments, requiring mechanical seals to withstand extreme conditions such as high temperatures, high pressures, and severe corrosion. Long-term operation causes significant wear and aging of seal components, making it difficult to restore their performance and reliability to their original levels even after repairs. Furthermore, the risk of repaired mechanical seals failing again within a short period of time is high, creating significant uncertainty and potential safety hazards for the plant's continued operations.   Second   Chemical plants have extremely high requirements for production stability and safety. A mechanical seal failure could lead to the leakage of hazardous substances, resulting in serious consequences such as environmental pollution and casualties. To minimize this risk, chemical plants prefer to use new, rigorously quality-tested mechanical seals to ensure long-term stable equipment operation and safe and reliable production.   Furthermore   From the perspective of maintenance cost and efficiency, repairing mechanical seals often requires specialized technicians and complex repair equipment, resulting in a lengthy repair process. Furthermore, procurement of the necessary parts and materials can be time-consuming. In contrast, simply replacing a mechanical seal with a new one can quickly resolve the problem, reduce equipment downtime, and improve production efficiency. Furthermore, new mechanical seals typically offer better performance and a longer service life, reducing overall maintenance costs in the long term.   In addition   Chemical plants' production processes and equipment are constantly evolving. New mechanical seals often utilize more advanced technologies and materials, better adapting to new production requirements and improving equipment efficiency. However, even after repair, older mechanical seals may not meet these new demands.     In summary, chemical plants' decision to replace mechanical seals rather than repair them is not a blind or wasteful decision. Rather, it is based on a comprehensive consideration of multiple factors, including the demanding production environment, high demands for production stability and safety, maintenance costs and efficiency, and technological advancements. This decision is intended to ensure the long-term stability of the chemical plant's operations, guarantee production safety, improve production efficiency, and achieve sustainable development.

Challenges and Opportunities Brought by "Megatrends"   Currently, various "megatrends" are profoundly reshaping the world. These present significant social, economic, and cultural challenges, while also creating opportunities for sustainability and innovation.   With forward-thinking insights and cutting-edge product capabilities, KSB is providing efficient, reliable, and sustainable fluid solutions in critical scenarios.     From agricultural water security challenges and water supply and drainage safety in megacities to electric vehicle battery production, the circular economy and low-carbon manufacturing, and AI data center cooling, the following five examples demonstrate how KSB's products are empowering the future.   1. Electrification: Growing Demand for Batteries     Electrification, at its core, replaces fossil fuels with clean electricity. Consequently, demand for lithium-ion batteries will surge from approximately 750 GWh (gigawatt-hours) today to 4,700 GWh by 2040, as McKinsey predicts. The battery value chain spans mining, refining, material synthesis, battery cells, and recycling, and each link requires corrosion- and wear-resistant pumps and valves.   On the raw material side: KSB's LCC-M slurry pumps, with their highly wear-resistant structure, play a key role in handling solid-containing, highly abrasive, and corrosive media. On the refining side: KSB's Magnochem standard chemical pumps, with their chemically resistant materials and a wide range of seal configurations, ensure safety and reliability when conveying high-temperature, highly corrosive, and hazardous chemical liquids.   KSB's products have higher efficiency and longer lifespan, helping battery factories using these products gain solid protection in controlling full lifecycle costs and improving system availability.   2. Urbanization: Deep Tunnel Water Management in Megacities     In 2023, 57% of the global population lived in cities. The United Nations predicts this figure will reach 68% by 2050. At the same time, the number of megacities with populations exceeding 10 million will increase to 40. Aging drainage systems, coupled with frequent extreme rainfall, increase the risk of urban flooding and overflows.   Deep drainage tunnels are an effective solution: large-diameter tunnels are built beneath cities to collect rainwater and sewage, which are then pumped to the surface for unified treatment.   KSB, leveraging its extensive hydraulic design experience, provides durable and efficient sewage pumping solutions, having successfully implemented deep tunnel projects in major cities such as London, Mexico City, and Auckland.   3. Water Scarcity: How to Safeguard Food and Water     According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, global food demand is projected to surge by 70% by 2050. As a result, we are depleting natural water resources, such as aquifers, faster than they can be replenished. This is not surprising, considering that 70% of the world's groundwater is used for irrigation.   Between 2000 and 2018, global per capita renewable water resources decreased by approximately 20%, particularly impacting arid regions such as North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Europe and the United States.   To conserve water resources, arid countries and regions require more sustainable irrigation methods, such as drip irrigation or the use of recycled water. However, to promote the adoption of such systems, the solutions' lifecycle costs must be attractive.     KSB prioritizes efficiency and has rapidly expanded its business in the irrigation industry over the past decade by offering a diverse range of high-efficiency products and services for various irrigation scenarios. KSB provides Amarex KRT submersible sewage pumps, Etanorm single-stage end-suction centrifugal pumps, Multitec multi-stage centrifugal pumps, Omega double-suction volute pumps, etc., covering the entire chain of agricultural water needs from water intake, pressurization to long-distance transportation.   4. Circular Economy: Rethinking "Raw Materials"     The "Circular Gap Report 2024," released in collaboration between the Circular Economy Foundation and Deloitte, shows that global annual raw material consumption has nearly quadrupled over the past 50 years, reaching 10.14 billion tons in 2021, yet the recycling rate is only approximately 7.2%. This waste not only negatively impacts the environment but also creates raw material shortages and supply chain issues, further impacting the economy.   Achieving a "circular economy" is an important step toward addressing this issue, minimizing resource use and reusing materials.     The KSB EtaLine Pro vertical inline pump was designed with recycling in mind from the outset: it uses over 60% recycled raw materials. Its weight is significantly reduced thanks to a new motor with concentrated windings, saving 73% copper and 49% gray cast iron. Intelligent adjustment options allow the pump to flexibly adapt to changing demand. This prevents waste: if operating conditions change, the entire pump does not need to be replaced.   The number of components has also been reduced from approximately 40 to 15, simplifying logistics and conserving resources. Combined with offsetting unavoidable greenhouse gas emissions, these measures have reduced the pump's carbon footprint to virtually zero.   5. The AI ​​Era: The Data Center Cooling War     Artificial intelligence (AI) enables computers and machines to mimic human learning, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities. Discussions about AI often focus on its impact on productivity and employment.   However, one aspect often overlooked is the enormous energy consumption of AI.   By 2026, electricity consumption by data centers and AI computing power could reach 1050 TWh (terawatt-hours, representing one trillion watts of electricity consumed per hour), accounting for approximately 2% of global electricity consumption.   To meet the growing demands of AI, data centers must concentrate ultra-high power within limited space. Water, a common medium with a specific heat capacity approximately four times that of air, is becoming increasingly important as a coolant. Technologies such as rear-door cooling (RLC) and direct liquid cooling (DLC) use liquid directly to cool processors, reducing energy consumption and becoming the preferred choice for improving efficiency and reducing energy consumption.     KSB's Etanorm single-stage, end-suction centrifugal pumps, with optimized impellers and flow paths, ensure high efficiency, low noise, and wide operating range, providing a proven solution for water and water-glycol loops in data centers. Equipped with an IE5 motor, these pumps maintain excellent efficiency even under low-load conditions, helping to reduce system energy consumption and improve cooling reliability, laying a solid hydraulic foundation for sustainable computing power.   Using Sustainable Certainty Navigating Uncertain Times Solutions. Achieving a Better Life In the face of profound change, the true foundational capability lies in deeply integrating efficiency, reliability, low carbon emissions, and full lifecycle value. Whether in battery factories, deep tunnel drainage, agricultural irrigation, green manufacturing, or data center cooling, KSB provides customers with future-oriented certainty through proven products and engineering experience.

Solar water pumps are used in both residential and commercial applications. They offer a clean alternative to fossil fuel-powered windmills and generators. There are two main types of solar water pumps. Surface pumps sit above ground and move water through pipes. These can slowly move large volumes of water. Surface pumps are often found on farms or in large irrigation systems, where water needs to be moved from lakes to fields. Submersible solar water pumps sit underground, but have solar panels attached to the ground. Submersible pumps are used to move water from wells to the surface.   The main difference between solar pumps and conventional pumps is their power source. Solar water pumps rely on solar panels to operate. The solar panels can be built into the device or be a separate structure connected to the pump via electrical wiring. The solar panels then power the device, allowing it to operate independently of any existing electrical system.     Solar pumps range in size from small pumps to power fountains and large pumps for extracting water from underground aquifers. Built-in panels are typically used for smaller pumps, while larger pumps require a separate installation. Photovoltaic power sources have few moving parts and operate reliably. They are safe, silent, and pollution-free. They do not produce any solid, liquid, or gaseous hazardous substances, making them absolutely environmentally friendly. They offer simple installation and maintenance, low operating costs, and are suitable for unmanned operation. They are particularly well-regarded for their high reliability. Their compatibility allows photovoltaic power generation to be combined with other energy sources, allowing for easy expansion of the photovoltaic system as needed. Their high degree of standardization allows for the use of series and parallel connections to meet varying power requirements, resulting in strong versatility. They are environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and ubiquitous, with solar energy widely available for a wide range of applications.   Characteristics of Various Solar Water Pumps   1. Brushed DC Solar Water Pump:   When the pump is operating, the coil and commutator rotate, while the magnet and carbon brushes do not. The alternating direction of the coil current is achieved by the commutator and brushes, which rotate in tandem with the motor. As the motor rotates, the carbon brushes wear out. After a certain period of operation, the carbon brushes wear out, causing the gap to widen and the noise to increase. After several hundred hours of continuous operation, the carbon brushes no longer function properly.   Advantages: Low price.   2. Brushless DC Solar Water Pump (Motor Type):   Motor-type brushless DC pumps utilize a brushless DC motor and an impeller. The motor shaft is connected to the impeller, and there is a gap between the stator and rotor of the pump. Over time, water can penetrate the motor, increasing the risk of motor burnout.   Advantages: Brushless DC motors are standardized and mass-produced by specialized manufacturers, resulting in relatively low cost and high efficiency.     3. Brushless DC Magnetic Isolation Solar Water Pump: This brushless DC pump utilizes electronic commutation, eliminating the need for carbon brushes. It features a high-performance, wear-resistant ceramic shaft and sleeve. The sleeve is integrally connected to the magnet through injection molding, preventing wear and tear. This significantly extends the life of the brushless DC magnetic pump. The stator and rotor of this magnetic isolation pump are completely isolated. The stator and circuit board are encapsulated with epoxy resin, making it 100% waterproof. The rotor utilizes permanent magnets, and the pump body is constructed from environmentally friendly materials. This pump offers low noise, a compact size, and stable performance. Various parameters can be adjusted through the stator winding, and it operates across a wide voltage range.   Advantages: Long life, low noise levels below 35dB, and suitable for hot water circulation. The motor's stator and circuit board are encapsulated with epoxy resin and completely isolated from the rotor, making it suitable for underwater installation and completely waterproof. The pump's shaft utilizes a high-performance ceramic shaft for high precision and excellent vibration resistance.   As everything has its opposites, advantages and disadvantages are common. What are the disadvantages of solar water pumps? The upfront cost is high, and depending on the size of the required pump, the initial investment in installing the system can be prohibitive for some systems. The system also has high intermittent operation, requiring good sunlight, especially during the prime hours of 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., while cloudy days translate into lower output, which can be a potential problem in some applications. A key fact about distributed solar pumps is that they only provide power during daylight hours. In many cases, this is sufficient for the intended use, but if pumping is required once the sun goes down, a pump with battery storage should be considered.   Large pumps can include battery arrays capable of providing 12 hours or more of continuous power, but such arrays are inherently bulky and may require separate, shaded storage for protection from inclement weather.

Gas Seals vs Wet Pressurized Seals Given increasingly stringent environmental regulations, gas sealing technology remains crucial for ensuring the safe, reliable, and sustainable operation of pumps, mixers, and rotating equipment. Dry gas end-face lubrication offers significant advantages, ensuring high product purity and zero emissions. This technology has effectively reduced hazardous emissions over the years.   It is estimated that over the past 31 years, approximately 105,000 non-contacting gas seals have been sold, with an average service life of six years. This represents a potential avoidance of approximately 272.2 million pounds (123.4 kg) of toxic releases through zero-emission technology.   Maximum Availability Control Technology (MACT) is a key tool in achieving these goals. The California Air Quality Management Department (AQMD) estimates annual emissions from chemical/refining process pumps at 432 pounds, while the latest data from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suggests up to 2,200 pounds per pump. As early as 1993, this technology was proven to save $500 per seal (at an electricity cost of 6 cents per kilowatt-hour). Today, with energy costs rising to 10–16 cents per kilowatt-hour, the annual energy savings per seal have reached $1,350.   Figure 1 Energy Consumption Comparison between Gas Seals and Wet Seals     Figure 2. Typical spiral groove surface pattern and pressure gradient generated by the grooves   A variety of sealing arrangements are currently available to reduce emissions. The following is a ranking of their ability to control emissions on rotating equipment, listed from best to worst: ● Dual pressurized, non-contacting gas seal ● Dual pressurized liquid seal ● Dual pressureless seal with liquid barrier seal ● Dual pressureless seal with dry-running contacting/non-contacting barrier seal ● Single seal with sleeve ● Single seal ● Stuffing seal   The Evolution of Sealing Technology in Fluid Pumping   Early fluid pumps used fiber packing coated with wax or graphite to seal shaft leakage, but this method generated heat and shortened service life. Perforated lantern rings were introduced to improve lubrication and cooling. Good lubrication effectively extends the service life of sliding surfaces.   These limitations led to the development of mechanical shaft seals, which require effective lubrication. Advances in tribology and fluid engineering have further optimized seal lubrication systems. Manufacturers have designed pressure- and wear-resistant end face structures, some of which even utilize deformation to enhance lubrication and reduce wear. Ground and polished seal faces offer excellent pressure, friction, and wear resistance.   Liquid seal face lubrication is widely adopted due to its stability under high pressure, heat resistance, and compatibility with process fluids.   The Development of Spiral Groove Technology   Dutch tribology professor Evert Muijderman pioneered the use of a repetitive groove pattern in ultracentrifuges. This technology later evolved into mechanical seals and was first used in pumps over 30 years ago.   The non-contact function is achieved through a pattern on one sealing surface. As the shaft rotates, the pattern separates the sealing surfaces, eliminating friction. An inert gas (such as nitrogen) is used as a barrier gas, at a pressure 20 to 30 psi above the process pressure, achieving zero emissions.   Spiral grooves typically feature logarithmic spiral grooves machined into one sealing surface (usually made of a harder material). As the shaft rotates, gas is drawn into the groove, compressed by viscous shear, and then expands at the seal dam, creating a separation gap of several microns between the two sealing surfaces. The static pressure effect during downtime helps minimize seal surface damage.   The earliest spiral groove seals were unidirectional grooves on the outer diameter of a fixed end face. Because process pump speeds are much lower than those of turbo compressors (only 1200 to 3600 rpm), stronger materials, advanced groove designs, and lower spring loads and O-ring friction are required to improve seal face separation efficiency.   Application of Spiral Groove Technology   In 1992, a polymer manufacturer successfully implemented a non-contacting dry gas seal in a pump, effectively protecting product purity and the environment. Over the past 30 years, this technology has been widely used in equipment such as pumps, mixers, fans, and blowers, operating under a wide range of speeds, pressures, temperatures, and solids loadings.   Figure 3 shows the first dual-pressurized non-contacting seal installed in a large-bore centrifugal pump. Figure 4 illustrates a non-contacting gas seal suitable for ANSI and DIN standard bores, featuring a spiral-grooved mating ring and an inert barrier gas. Figure 5 shows the same seal configuration with the addition of a drain for process conditions up to 30% solids loading.       Figure 3: The first dual-pressure, non-contacting seal installed on a process pump, circa 1992       Figure 4: Gas-lubricated, non-contacting seal for a standard bore seal cavity     Figure 5: Gas-lubricated, non-contacting, standard bore seal cavity   This technology was subsequently expanded to mixers and containers, widely used in the pharmaceutical, food processing, and petrochemical industries to ensure product purity. Designers also developed spiral grooves on the carbon primary ring to accommodate low-speed and high-shaft runout conditions, achieving both hydrodynamic and hydrostatic lift.   Twenty years later, seal designs were further upgraded to meet the demands of higher pressures and solids-laden processes. Figure 7 shows a new seal designed for large-bore ANSI pumps, offering enhanced solids handling and performance.     The latest development is a gas seal suitable for high-temperature service (up to 800°F / 425°C). The metal bellows seal, shown in Figure 8, provides spring force, accommodates axial displacement, and effectively transmits torque. The bellows acts as a dynamic sealing element, supporting a variety of secondary seal combinations. The seal features pressure balancing and reverse operation to prevent accidental release of process fluids.     Figure 6: Gas-lubricated, non-contact mixer     Figure 7: Gas-lubricated, non-contact seal for high pressure and solid materials     Figure 8: Gas-lubricated, non-contact seal for high-temperature service   Application of Spiral Groove Technology     In all pressurized dual seal configurations, the barrier fluid pressure is higher than the process pressure being sealed. The dual gas seal differs from other pressurized seal configurations in that it does not rely on fluid circulation between the seals, but instead relies on an external inert gas source to pressurize the seal chamber. According to API 682, Fourth Edition, the corresponding piping plan for this type of seal is Piping Plan 74. Figure 9 shows a basic schematic diagram of this plan.     Figure 9 API Piping Plan 74 - API 682 Fourth Edition   The sealing system works by allowing fluid to flow from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area. Mechanical seals minimize leakage through sealing faces and O-rings while maintaining a small gap to prevent overheating. This gap allows the high-pressure fluid to flow to the atmosphere. Dry gas barrier seals use a regulated inert gas (such as nitrogen) at a pressure 30 to 50 psi above the process pressure to achieve a seal.   Nitrogen is most commonly used as the barrier gas due to its compatibility and affordability. Nitrogen is typically supplied from a pressurized nitrogen line or from a nitrogen cylinder, but this is less reliable. If nitrogen pressure is insufficient, a gas booster can be used.   The control system must regulate pressure, filter the barrier gas, and monitor pressure and flow to prevent overpressure. Due to the extremely small gap between the sealing faces, the gas must be filtered to less than 1 micron. A flow meter monitors the gas flow, while the API Plan 74 panel is equipped with a transmitter to continuously monitor the seal status. The key parameter is the barrier gas pressure supplied to the seal.   Advantages of Gas Seals for End Users   Despite the numerous advantages of gas seals in pumping equipment, there are still some misunderstandings regarding the choice between wet and dry dual pressurized seal configurations. Wet pressurized seals rely on a liquid barrier fluid (such as API Plans 53A/B/C and 54) for lubrication and cooling, while dry pressurized seals use gas and require minimal preconditioning.   Cost Comparison The base cost of wet and dry seal cassettes is similar. Wet seals require nitrogen, clean fluid, electrical wiring, cooling water, and power for the pump and fan; dry seals, on the other hand, rely primarily on nitrogen and electrical connections; if pressurization is required, they only require power to the nitrogen booster.   Barrier Fluid Compatibility Wet seals have higher compatibility requirements for liquid barrier fluids, which may affect process quality. Dry seals use inert nitrogen, which generally does not pose compatibility issues.   System Monitoring and Maintenance Wet seals require regular replenishment of barrier fluid and maintenance of the heat exchanger. Dry seals require monitoring of barrier pressure and a backup nitrogen source to ensure system reliability. Although high gas flow rates with dry seals require investigation, continued operation is generally acceptable as long as the barrier pressure remains stable.   Energy Consumption and Heat Control Compared to gas seals, wet seals consume more horsepower and generate more heat. Gas seals also experience lower temperature rises and lower energy consumption. According to statistics, wet seals consume approximately 1,300 kWh of electricity and release 2 tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) annually, while dry seals consume only 350 kWh and release 0.54 tons of CO₂. Over the past 31 years, approximately 105,000 gas seals have been installed worldwide, with an average operating life of six years per system, resulting in cumulative energy savings of 8.6 million kWh, equivalent to the total electricity consumption of the residents of Houston, Texas.   Installation Flexibility Gas seal systems eliminate the need for complex fluid circulation, allowing for greater flexibility in the installation location of control and monitoring instruments. In contrast, wet seals require closer installation to the equipment to reduce piping losses. This flexibility is particularly useful in equipment retrofit projects, facilitating maintenance and repairs.   Compared to traditional liquid-lubricated contact seals, non-contacting dry gas seal technology significantly reduces fugitive emissions from process pumps, saving thousands of tons of toxic waste and eliminating the need for cooling water. Furthermore, this technology reduces parasitic power losses, significantly improving energy efficiency and saving approximately 2 tons of CO₂ per pump annually. Furthermore, improved mean time between repairs (MTBR) and equipment reliability offer significant operating cost advantages.     Non-contacting dry gas lubricated seal technology remains an ideal solution for achieving emission reduction goals and improving equipment reliability. As with any advanced technology, its application must be scientifically sound and tailored to local conditions. Proper selection and implementation of this technology not only improves equipment performance but also delivers significant economic and environmental benefits.

Common faults of water pumpsplease see the table below: Symptom Possible Cause Solution Mechanical seal leakage Impurities in the medium Improve media filtration and replace or clean the filter (core) promptly. Air mixed in the medium Increase exhaust flow and install automatic exhaust valves in the pipeline. Pump inlet pressure too low, causing cavitation Improve inlet conditions and increase inlet pressure. Flow rate deviation, pump head too high Adjust the pump's operating point to an appropriate value. Incompatibility between the medium and the mechanical seal material, improper mechanical seal selection Replace the appropriate type of mechanical seal. Improper flushing or cooling pipe installation Re-adjust the installation. Pump noise and vibration Air entering the pump Install an automatic air vent at the highest point in the pipeline Cavitation in the pump Improve inlet conditions, increase inlet pressure, and reduce the outlet valve Foreign matter in the pump Disassemble the pump and remove foreign matter Lack of oil in the pump or motor bearings Lubricate more thoroughly and replace bearings if necessary Poor coupling alignment Realign and replace damaged coupling components if necessary Motor temperature too high Ambient temperature too high Increase pump room ventilation Pump flow rate deviation, causing motor overcurrent Control the pump operating point within a reasonable range Voltage too low or too high Improve power supply voltage Motor bearing failure Lubricate or replace bearings Motor fan failure Troubleshoot fan failure Coupling misalignment Realign     Maintenance of water pump system   Regularly clean the exterior of the water pump and motor, and regularly clean the components inside the electrical control cabinet (using a vacuum cleaner is recommended). Regularly inspect the connections and fastenings of the water pump and piping, and regularly check the wiring inside the electrical control cabinet for loose connections. Regularly add or replace grease to the bearings of the water pump and motor. For components lubricated with thin oil, check the oil level frequently to ensure it is neither too high nor too low, and consider changing the oil if necessary. If bearings are deteriorating, replace them promptly. Regularly inspect the filter at the water pump inlet and replace or clean the filter screen (core) promptly. Regularly inspect the water pump mechanical seal for leaks. If leaks are detected, identify the cause, correct it, and replace a new mechanical seal. Regularly check the alignment of the water pump coupling and adjust it appropriately. Regularly inspect the motor insulation. Regularly check the actual operating point of the water pump to ensure it is normal. If not, adjust it appropriately.

In environments like the petrochemical industry, coal mines, and underground engineering, where flammable and explosive media are present, an explosion can cause significant damage and loss to life and property. However, there's one piece of equipment that can ensure our safety: the explosion-proof submersible sewage pump. Explosion-proof submersible sewage pumps play a vital role in flammable and explosive environments. When the explosive gas mixture inside the motor explodes, the pump's flameproof casing withstands the impact and high temperatures, preventing damage. Furthermore, internal flames cannot penetrate the casing's mating surfaces and ignite the external explosive atmosphere, thus preventing the fire from spreading and increasing the risk. Explosion-proof submersible sewage pumps provide a strong safeguard for the safety of life and property. Currently, there are numerous brands of explosion-proof submersible sewage pumps on the market, and their quality varies widely. Therefore, when purchasing, be sure to choose a reputable brand and ensure that its quality meets relevant standards.   Today, I'd like to recommend several explosion-proof submersible sewage pumps.   1. Tsurumi KTX Series Explosion-Proof Submersible Sewage Pump This pump has a maximum diameter of DN100 and a maximum power of 11 KW, making it suitable for applications with low flow and head requirements.   Discharge Bore(mm)：50 - 100 Motor Output(kW)：0.4 - 11 The HSX/KTX series are submersible explosion-proof drainage pumps. Equipped with high-chromium cast iron impellers excellent in wear resistance, they are built to heavy-duty specifications. The HSX-series pump is single-phase powered, and the shaft-mounted agitator prevents air locks, which tend to occur in vortex or semi-vortex pumps. The KTX-series pump is three-phase powered and built to high head specifications, and the slim design allows the pump to be placed in a confined space.   2. Domestic BQS Mining Flameproof Submersible Pump This pump has a maximum flow rate of 2000 m³/h, a maximum head of 800 m, and a maximum power of 315 KW. Customizable power options are available, making it suitable for high flow rates, high heads, and drainage in most harsh working conditions. 3. Domestic WQB Series Ordinary Explosion-Proof Submersible Sewage Pump This pump has a maximum power of 200 KW and a maximum flow rate of 3000 m³/h. It can be used in chemical plant environments requiring standard explosion-proof conditions, such as stormwater and domestic water drainage. 4. Domestic BWQG Series Stainless Steel Explosion-Proof Submersible Sewage Pump This pump features a stainless steel casing and can be used in corrosive environments where explosion protection is required. It can also be equipped with a mixing device to shred impurities in the medium before discharging them, preventing impeller entanglement.

In the scorching summer heat, air conditioning has become an indispensable appliance in our lives. It creates a cool and comfortable environment, and behind this, the air conditioning pump plays a vital role. So, what is the function of an air conditioning pump? Detailed Explanation of the Function of an Air Conditioning Pump   I. Basic Concepts of Air Conditioning Pumps The air conditioning pump, also known as an air conditioning circulation pump or chilled water pump, is a key component in an air conditioning system. It is primarily responsible for circulating the coolant (usually water or a glycol solution) between the condenser, evaporator, and other related components to ensure the proper operation of the air conditioning system. II. Working Principle of an Air Conditioning Pump The working principle of an air conditioning pump is based on the basic principle of a centrifugal pump. When the motor drives the pump shaft to rotate, the impeller inside the pump rotates accordingly, generating centrifugal force. This centrifugal force draws coolant from the pump's inlet and pushes it toward the outlet, creating a continuous circulation flow. In this way, the coolant absorbs heat from the room and carries it to the outside for discharge, achieving the cooling effect of the air conditioner.   III. The Function of an Air Conditioning Pump in an Air Conditioning System 1. Circulation: The air conditioning pump is the power source for the circulation of coolant in the air conditioning system. It continuously transports coolant from the condenser to the evaporator and back to the condenser, ensuring continuous and efficient heat transfer within the system. 2. Refrigeration: In the evaporator, the coolant absorbs heat from the room and evaporates, achieving a cooling effect. The air conditioning pump ensures unimpeded flow of coolant in the evaporator, enabling the cooling process to proceed smoothly. 3. Energy Saving: The design and optimization of the air conditioning pump is crucial to improving the energy efficiency of the air conditioning system. Through reasonable pump speed control and design optimization, energy consumption can be reduced and the overall efficiency of the system can be improved. IV. Air Conditioning Pump Selection and Maintenance When selecting an air conditioning pump, it's important to consider parameters such as system size, flow rate, and head to ensure the pump meets system requirements. Regular maintenance and servicing are also crucial for long-term, stable operation of the air conditioning pump. This includes cleaning the pump body, inspecting seals, and replacing worn parts, all of which can extend the pump's lifespan and improve system reliability.   What is the function of an air conditioning pump? As an integral component of the air conditioning system, the importance of the air conditioning pump is self-evident. A thorough understanding of the operating principles and functions of the air conditioning pump not only helps us better understand and use the air conditioning system but also provides strong support for routine maintenance and servicing. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology, the performance and efficiency of air conditioning pumps will continue to improve, bringing greater convenience and comfort to our lives. Shanghai Sanli Pump Industry (Group) Co., Ltd. is a technology-based enterprise specializing in the research and development, manufacturing, installation, and commissioning of secondary water supply equipment. We provide customers with cost-effective automatic water supply equipment specifically designed for high-rise buildings, suitable for residential areas of varying sizes and floor levels. The company specializes in the production and operation of variable frequency constant pressure water supply equipment, constant pressure water supply equipment, non-negative pressure variable frequency water supply equipment, secondary water supply equipment, box-type non-negative pressure pump stations, fire-fighting equipment, sewage pumps, water tanks, and pipeline clean water pumps. It is a high-quality non-negative pressure water supply equipment manufacturer.

Mechanical seals are essential to the smooth and reliable operation of industrial pumps. Their performance directly affects the overall efficiency and maintenance costs of the equipment. Once a mechanical seal fails, it can cause significant financial losses, especially if the root cause is not promptly addressed. Experts in the field point out that premature failure of mechanical seals is usually not due to inherent defects in the seal itself, but to external factors. The main reason for mechanical seal failure is the lack of a stable liquid film between moving parts. This emphasizes its importance in the entire system. The root cause of the unstable liquid film must be identified and resolved to ensure long-term reliable performance of the mechanical seal. The following table summarizes the key factors that lead to mechanical seal failure: Table 1 Key factors leading to mechanical seal failure PHASE Causes of failure Results Impact % Selection Incorrect selection of materials and sliding surfaces Chemical attack, corrosion Liquid film evaporation B 10% Incorrect selection of flushing plan Mechanical seal overheating A Incorrect selection of mechanical seal type Seal Deformation of cover, abnormal behavior A Installation Incorrect installation of mechanical seal Degraded mechanical seal performance, working conditions do not meet specification requirements A,C 20% Incorrect installation of flushing/cooling system Inadequate flushing leads to overheating of mechanical seal A Start-up and stable operation Foreign particles in pipeline or plant Wear and damage of sealing ring Inadequate flushing Overheating of mechanical seal A 60% Air pockets in machine or equipment Overheating of mechanical seal A Incorrect setting of auxiliary systems Overheating of mechanical seal A Incorrect machine calibration and centering Instability of liquid film A Excessive vibration Instability of liquid film Damage to sealing surface A Start-up under dry-running conditions Overheating, abnormal wear A Operation not in accordance with technical specifications Degraded mechanical seal performance A Post-processing Inadequate machine maintenance Degraded mechanical seal performance A,B,C 10% Incorrect refurbishment of mechanical seal Degraded mechanical seal performance A,B,C Incorrect installation after refurbishment Degraded mechanical seal performance A,C   Reasons for mechanical seal failure include: A) Missing or unstable film between the seal surfaces B) Damage C) Excessive leakage   How to reduce the maintenance cost of mechanical seals In-plant maintenance can reduce costs. To achieve this, there are two important factors: - Technological development - Standardization and interchangeability   Technological development A mechanical seal consists of a rotating part (rotating ring) and a fixed part (stationary ring). The rotating ring is usually connected to the rotating part of the equipment (such as the shaft), while the stationary ring is connected to the fixed part of the machine (such as the stuffing box of a rotary pump). To ensure effective sealing performance, the sealing surfaces must be absolutely flat and the surface roughness must be extremely low. The rotating and stationary rings with precisely matched dimensions can fit tightly and effectively prevent the leakage of process fluids. The interaction between the two sealing surfaces determines the hydraulic balance state of the mechanical seal. Under normal working conditions, the liquid film formed can achieve a hydraulic balance between the opening and closing forces generated by the pressure of the sealing fluid, thereby limiting physical leakage. The API 682 standard provides detailed guidance and specifications on how to calculate the correct sizing parameters. However, during operation, the seal ring may deform due to mechanical and thermal stress, which can affect the performance of the mechanical seal. This deformation can disrupt the original hydraulic balance, making the liquid film between the sealing faces unstable, which in turn leads to excessive leakage. Therefore, engineers continue to explore new technical methods to reduce friction, especially in critical application conditions, with special attention to the development of new materials and the application of new sealing technologies. These innovations have significantly improved the sealing efficiency and reliability in modern production processes.   Non-contact technology - sliding end faces with grooves The non-contact mechanical end face seal system consists of a dynamic ring and a static ring. The end face of the dynamic ring is specially processed with a specific geometry (such as spiral or stepped) to generate a fluid dynamic effect between the two end faces, thereby forming a stable small gap between them (refer to Figure 1). This design uses the principle of fluid dynamic lift, so that the sealing faces can maintain an effective sealing state without direct contact. Unlike traditional contact seals, this non-contact design does not rely on a liquid barrier and its related support system. Instead, it achieves the sealing effect by supplying an inert gas to the sealing interface. The selection of inert gas is usually based on its chemical stability and adaptability to the working environment to avoid reaction with the sealed medium. In addition, the pressure and flow of the inert gas can be precisely controlled through a simple control panel to ensure the stability and reliability of the sealing performance. Since the friction coefficient and wear of the seal can be effectively reduced to near zero, this solution is very suitable for application scenarios that require significant energy saving, especially in the oil and gas, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries that require zero emissions. Figure 1: Spiral groove face ring   New generation of materials SiC materials with self-lubricating properties are widely used in mechanical seals. When choosing the pairing of moving parts, materials of different hardness are usually used to minimize friction. The choice of sealing ring combination is particularly critical, with the most common combination being carbon rings and silicon carbide rings (see Figure 2, Pressure x Velocity - PxV coefficients for common face combinations). This combination not only has excellent thermal conductivity and chemical resistance, but also effectively resists wear caused by abrasive particles in the fluid. When graphite rings and silicon carbide rings deform for various reasons, they show excellent mutual adaptation and maintain good sealing performance. However, in the case of very high operating pressures or when the fluid contains a lot of dirt, two high-hardness rings must be used to ensure the sealing effect. Although these materials have a high friction coefficient, this leads to high heat generation during rotation, which may cause evaporation of the liquid film, resulting in dry running, ring deformation or fracture, and affecting the performance of the auxiliary gasket. A recently developed manufacturing process adds self-lubricating material particles to the sintered silicon carbide matrix by impregnation (SiC impregnation). The stationary and rotating rings made in this way can reach extremely high performance limits. Specifically, mechanical seals using this material are able to limit the amount of torque absorbed, significantly reducing friction and heat generation. This not only improves the durability and reliability of the sealing components, but also extends their service life, especially for applications under extreme working conditions.   Figure 2: P x V coefficient graph   Diamond-coated seal faces Silicon carbide rings are usually coated with a thin layer of diamond coating by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to enhance their tribological properties and chemical compatibility. In hot water applications in power plants and in oil and petrochemical facilities, liquid gases tend to evaporate, resulting in loss of lubrication properties, and diamond coatings can significantly improve the wear and corrosion resistance of seals. In the pharmaceutical industry, traditional seals often fail to meet the stringent requirements due to the need to avoid any contamination, while diamond-coated seals show excellent chemical inertness and purity, fully meeting these high standards. In addition, mechanical seals with diamond-coated rings can withstand short-term operation under dry-running conditions of double seals and non-contact seals, further expanding their application range.   Engineering machinery seals Maintaining the consistency of the cross-sectional area of the seal ring is a major challenge during the design stage (see Figure 3). This consistency is essential to ensure the driving stability of the seal ring and prevent reverse rotation. Such seals are currently widely used in boiler feed pumps, pipelines, water injection systems, multiphase pumps and other high-pressure applications with operating pressures exceeding 100 bar. Precisely controlling the size and shape of the seal ring not only helps maintain sealing performance, but also effectively reduces wear and extends service life. Sliding surface behavior under high pressure stress And sliding surface shape with limited deformation under high pressure Figure 3: Optimal design of sealing ring   Standardization and Interchangeability Mechanical seal assemblies, like other industrial parts, have a reference standard that specifies their installation dimensions, allowing seals from other manufacturers to be substituted. This not only improves the quality of service for the end user, but also reduces plant operating costs.   EN 12756 Standard The EN 12756 standard specifies the main installation dimensions for single and double mechanical seals when used as assemblies, excluding flanges and sleeves covering rotating and stationary parts. The first mechanical seals were introduced to Europe from the United States in the early post-war period, with dimensions in inches. DIN 24960, which later evolved into EN 12756, brought great benefits to manufacturers of pumps produced to ISO standards, and especially to end users, as they were no longer restricted to seal suppliers that offered non-standardized products. The price of seals and their associated maintenance costs were thus significantly reduced.   API Standard Pumps in oil and gas equipment are usually manufactured to API 610, while mechanical seals are usually manufactured to API 682. According to the standard, seals must be supplied in the form of cartridge assemblies, i.e. complete with flange and sleeve, to simplify installation and allow testing before delivery. The API standard provides recommendations for determining mechanical seal dimensions based on the stuffing box specifications of different API pumps on the market. This standardization is not only technically feasible, but also allows the overall dimensions of the components in the stuffing box to be standardized, thus enabling medium-sized batch production and reducing manufacturing and warehouse management costs. Importantly, this standardization allows end users to choose different "qualified mechanical seal manufacturers", thus eliminating interchangeability issues. In this way, users have the flexibility to choose the right seal and ensure that it can be replaced smoothly, reducing downtime and maintenance costs caused by seal mismatches.