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Challenges and Opportunities Brought by "Megatrends"   Currently, various "megatrends" are profoundly reshaping the world. These present significant social, economic, and cultural challenges, while also creating opportunities for sustainability and innovation.   With forward-thinking insights and cutting-edge product capabilities, KSB is providing efficient, reliable, and sustainable fluid solutions in critical scenarios.     From agricultural water security challenges and water supply and drainage safety in megacities to electric vehicle battery production, the circular economy and low-carbon manufacturing, and AI data center cooling, the following five examples demonstrate how KSB's products are empowering the future.   1. Electrification: Growing Demand for Batteries     Electrification, at its core, replaces fossil fuels with clean electricity. Consequently, demand for lithium-ion batteries will surge from approximately 750 GWh (gigawatt-hours) today to 4,700 GWh by 2040, as McKinsey predicts. The battery value chain spans mining, refining, material synthesis, battery cells, and recycling, and each link requires corrosion- and wear-resistant pumps and valves.   On the raw material side: KSB's LCC-M slurry pumps, with their highly wear-resistant structure, play a key role in handling solid-containing, highly abrasive, and corrosive media. On the refining side: KSB's Magnochem standard chemical pumps, with their chemically resistant materials and a wide range of seal configurations, ensure safety and reliability when conveying high-temperature, highly corrosive, and hazardous chemical liquids.   KSB's products have higher efficiency and longer lifespan, helping battery factories using these products gain solid protection in controlling full lifecycle costs and improving system availability.   2. Urbanization: Deep Tunnel Water Management in Megacities     In 2023, 57% of the global population lived in cities. The United Nations predicts this figure will reach 68% by 2050. At the same time, the number of megacities with populations exceeding 10 million will increase to 40. Aging drainage systems, coupled with frequent extreme rainfall, increase the risk of urban flooding and overflows.   Deep drainage tunnels are an effective solution: large-diameter tunnels are built beneath cities to collect rainwater and sewage, which are then pumped to the surface for unified treatment.   KSB, leveraging its extensive hydraulic design experience, provides durable and efficient sewage pumping solutions, having successfully implemented deep tunnel projects in major cities such as London, Mexico City, and Auckland.   3. Water Scarcity: How to Safeguard Food and Water     According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, global food demand is projected to surge by 70% by 2050. As a result, we are depleting natural water resources, such as aquifers, faster than they can be replenished. This is not surprising, considering that 70% of the world's groundwater is used for irrigation.   Between 2000 and 2018, global per capita renewable water resources decreased by approximately 20%, particularly impacting arid regions such as North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Europe and the United States.   To conserve water resources, arid countries and regions require more sustainable irrigation methods, such as drip irrigation or the use of recycled water. However, to promote the adoption of such systems, the solutions' lifecycle costs must be attractive.     KSB prioritizes efficiency and has rapidly expanded its business in the irrigation industry over the past decade by offering a diverse range of high-efficiency products and services for various irrigation scenarios. KSB provides Amarex KRT submersible sewage pumps, Etanorm single-stage end-suction centrifugal pumps, Multitec multi-stage centrifugal pumps, Omega double-suction volute pumps, etc., covering the entire chain of agricultural water needs from water intake, pressurization to long-distance transportation.   4. Circular Economy: Rethinking "Raw Materials"     The "Circular Gap Report 2024," released in collaboration between the Circular Economy Foundation and Deloitte, shows that global annual raw material consumption has nearly quadrupled over the past 50 years, reaching 10.14 billion tons in 2021, yet the recycling rate is only approximately 7.2%. This waste not only negatively impacts the environment but also creates raw material shortages and supply chain issues, further impacting the economy.   Achieving a "circular economy" is an important step toward addressing this issue, minimizing resource use and reusing materials.     The KSB EtaLine Pro vertical inline pump was designed with recycling in mind from the outset: it uses over 60% recycled raw materials. Its weight is significantly reduced thanks to a new motor with concentrated windings, saving 73% copper and 49% gray cast iron. Intelligent adjustment options allow the pump to flexibly adapt to changing demand. This prevents waste: if operating conditions change, the entire pump does not need to be replaced.   The number of components has also been reduced from approximately 40 to 15, simplifying logistics and conserving resources. Combined with offsetting unavoidable greenhouse gas emissions, these measures have reduced the pump's carbon footprint to virtually zero.   5. The AI ​​Era: The Data Center Cooling War     Artificial intelligence (AI) enables computers and machines to mimic human learning, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities. Discussions about AI often focus on its impact on productivity and employment.   However, one aspect often overlooked is the enormous energy consumption of AI.   By 2026, electricity consumption by data centers and AI computing power could reach 1050 TWh (terawatt-hours, representing one trillion watts of electricity consumed per hour), accounting for approximately 2% of global electricity consumption.   To meet the growing demands of AI, data centers must concentrate ultra-high power within limited space. Water, a common medium with a specific heat capacity approximately four times that of air, is becoming increasingly important as a coolant. Technologies such as rear-door cooling (RLC) and direct liquid cooling (DLC) use liquid directly to cool processors, reducing energy consumption and becoming the preferred choice for improving efficiency and reducing energy consumption.     KSB's Etanorm single-stage, end-suction centrifugal pumps, with optimized impellers and flow paths, ensure high efficiency, low noise, and wide operating range, providing a proven solution for water and water-glycol loops in data centers. Equipped with an IE5 motor, these pumps maintain excellent efficiency even under low-load conditions, helping to reduce system energy consumption and improve cooling reliability, laying a solid hydraulic foundation for sustainable computing power.   Using Sustainable Certainty Navigating Uncertain Times Solutions. Achieving a Better Life In the face of profound change, the true foundational capability lies in deeply integrating efficiency, reliability, low carbon emissions, and full lifecycle value. Whether in battery factories, deep tunnel drainage, agricultural irrigation, green manufacturing, or data center cooling, KSB provides customers with future-oriented certainty through proven products and engineering experience.

Solar water pumps are used in both residential and commercial applications. They offer a clean alternative to fossil fuel-powered windmills and generators. There are two main types of solar water pumps. Surface pumps sit above ground and move water through pipes. These can slowly move large volumes of water. Surface pumps are often found on farms or in large irrigation systems, where water needs to be moved from lakes to fields. Submersible solar water pumps sit underground, but have solar panels attached to the ground. Submersible pumps are used to move water from wells to the surface.   The main difference between solar pumps and conventional pumps is their power source. Solar water pumps rely on solar panels to operate. The solar panels can be built into the device or be a separate structure connected to the pump via electrical wiring. The solar panels then power the device, allowing it to operate independently of any existing electrical system.     Solar pumps range in size from small pumps to power fountains and large pumps for extracting water from underground aquifers. Built-in panels are typically used for smaller pumps, while larger pumps require a separate installation. Photovoltaic power sources have few moving parts and operate reliably. They are safe, silent, and pollution-free. They do not produce any solid, liquid, or gaseous hazardous substances, making them absolutely environmentally friendly. They offer simple installation and maintenance, low operating costs, and are suitable for unmanned operation. They are particularly well-regarded for their high reliability. Their compatibility allows photovoltaic power generation to be combined with other energy sources, allowing for easy expansion of the photovoltaic system as needed. Their high degree of standardization allows for the use of series and parallel connections to meet varying power requirements, resulting in strong versatility. They are environmentally friendly, energy-efficient, and ubiquitous, with solar energy widely available for a wide range of applications.   Characteristics of Various Solar Water Pumps   1. Brushed DC Solar Water Pump:   When the pump is operating, the coil and commutator rotate, while the magnet and carbon brushes do not. The alternating direction of the coil current is achieved by the commutator and brushes, which rotate in tandem with the motor. As the motor rotates, the carbon brushes wear out. After a certain period of operation, the carbon brushes wear out, causing the gap to widen and the noise to increase. After several hundred hours of continuous operation, the carbon brushes no longer function properly.   Advantages: Low price.   2. Brushless DC Solar Water Pump (Motor Type):   Motor-type brushless DC pumps utilize a brushless DC motor and an impeller. The motor shaft is connected to the impeller, and there is a gap between the stator and rotor of the pump. Over time, water can penetrate the motor, increasing the risk of motor burnout.   Advantages: Brushless DC motors are standardized and mass-produced by specialized manufacturers, resulting in relatively low cost and high efficiency.     3. Brushless DC Magnetic Isolation Solar Water Pump: This brushless DC pump utilizes electronic commutation, eliminating the need for carbon brushes. It features a high-performance, wear-resistant ceramic shaft and sleeve. The sleeve is integrally connected to the magnet through injection molding, preventing wear and tear. This significantly extends the life of the brushless DC magnetic pump. The stator and rotor of this magnetic isolation pump are completely isolated. The stator and circuit board are encapsulated with epoxy resin, making it 100% waterproof. The rotor utilizes permanent magnets, and the pump body is constructed from environmentally friendly materials. This pump offers low noise, a compact size, and stable performance. Various parameters can be adjusted through the stator winding, and it operates across a wide voltage range.   Advantages: Long life, low noise levels below 35dB, and suitable for hot water circulation. The motor's stator and circuit board are encapsulated with epoxy resin and completely isolated from the rotor, making it suitable for underwater installation and completely waterproof. The pump's shaft utilizes a high-performance ceramic shaft for high precision and excellent vibration resistance.   As everything has its opposites, advantages and disadvantages are common. What are the disadvantages of solar water pumps? The upfront cost is high, and depending on the size of the required pump, the initial investment in installing the system can be prohibitive for some systems. The system also has high intermittent operation, requiring good sunlight, especially during the prime hours of 9 a.m. to 3 p.m., while cloudy days translate into lower output, which can be a potential problem in some applications. A key fact about distributed solar pumps is that they only provide power during daylight hours. In many cases, this is sufficient for the intended use, but if pumping is required once the sun goes down, a pump with battery storage should be considered.   Large pumps can include battery arrays capable of providing 12 hours or more of continuous power, but such arrays are inherently bulky and may require separate, shaded storage for protection from inclement weather.

Gas Seals vs Wet Pressurized Seals Given increasingly stringent environmental regulations, gas sealing technology remains crucial for ensuring the safe, reliable, and sustainable operation of pumps, mixers, and rotating equipment. Dry gas end-face lubrication offers significant advantages, ensuring high product purity and zero emissions. This technology has effectively reduced hazardous emissions over the years.   It is estimated that over the past 31 years, approximately 105,000 non-contacting gas seals have been sold, with an average service life of six years. This represents a potential avoidance of approximately 272.2 million pounds (123.4 kg) of toxic releases through zero-emission technology.   Maximum Availability Control Technology (MACT) is a key tool in achieving these goals. The California Air Quality Management Department (AQMD) estimates annual emissions from chemical/refining process pumps at 432 pounds, while the latest data from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suggests up to 2,200 pounds per pump. As early as 1993, this technology was proven to save $500 per seal (at an electricity cost of 6 cents per kilowatt-hour). Today, with energy costs rising to 10–16 cents per kilowatt-hour, the annual energy savings per seal have reached $1,350.   Figure 1 Energy Consumption Comparison between Gas Seals and Wet Seals     Figure 2. Typical spiral groove surface pattern and pressure gradient generated by the grooves   A variety of sealing arrangements are currently available to reduce emissions. The following is a ranking of their ability to control emissions on rotating equipment, listed from best to worst: ● Dual pressurized, non-contacting gas seal ● Dual pressurized liquid seal ● Dual pressureless seal with liquid barrier seal ● Dual pressureless seal with dry-running contacting/non-contacting barrier seal ● Single seal with sleeve ● Single seal ● Stuffing seal   The Evolution of Sealing Technology in Fluid Pumping   Early fluid pumps used fiber packing coated with wax or graphite to seal shaft leakage, but this method generated heat and shortened service life. Perforated lantern rings were introduced to improve lubrication and cooling. Good lubrication effectively extends the service life of sliding surfaces.   These limitations led to the development of mechanical shaft seals, which require effective lubrication. Advances in tribology and fluid engineering have further optimized seal lubrication systems. Manufacturers have designed pressure- and wear-resistant end face structures, some of which even utilize deformation to enhance lubrication and reduce wear. Ground and polished seal faces offer excellent pressure, friction, and wear resistance.   Liquid seal face lubrication is widely adopted due to its stability under high pressure, heat resistance, and compatibility with process fluids.   The Development of Spiral Groove Technology   Dutch tribology professor Evert Muijderman pioneered the use of a repetitive groove pattern in ultracentrifuges. This technology later evolved into mechanical seals and was first used in pumps over 30 years ago.   The non-contact function is achieved through a pattern on one sealing surface. As the shaft rotates, the pattern separates the sealing surfaces, eliminating friction. An inert gas (such as nitrogen) is used as a barrier gas, at a pressure 20 to 30 psi above the process pressure, achieving zero emissions.   Spiral grooves typically feature logarithmic spiral grooves machined into one sealing surface (usually made of a harder material). As the shaft rotates, gas is drawn into the groove, compressed by viscous shear, and then expands at the seal dam, creating a separation gap of several microns between the two sealing surfaces. The static pressure effect during downtime helps minimize seal surface damage.   The earliest spiral groove seals were unidirectional grooves on the outer diameter of a fixed end face. Because process pump speeds are much lower than those of turbo compressors (only 1200 to 3600 rpm), stronger materials, advanced groove designs, and lower spring loads and O-ring friction are required to improve seal face separation efficiency.   Application of Spiral Groove Technology   In 1992, a polymer manufacturer successfully implemented a non-contacting dry gas seal in a pump, effectively protecting product purity and the environment. Over the past 30 years, this technology has been widely used in equipment such as pumps, mixers, fans, and blowers, operating under a wide range of speeds, pressures, temperatures, and solids loadings.   Figure 3 shows the first dual-pressurized non-contacting seal installed in a large-bore centrifugal pump. Figure 4 illustrates a non-contacting gas seal suitable for ANSI and DIN standard bores, featuring a spiral-grooved mating ring and an inert barrier gas. Figure 5 shows the same seal configuration with the addition of a drain for process conditions up to 30% solids loading.       Figure 3: The first dual-pressure, non-contacting seal installed on a process pump, circa 1992       Figure 4: Gas-lubricated, non-contacting seal for a standard bore seal cavity     Figure 5: Gas-lubricated, non-contacting, standard bore seal cavity   This technology was subsequently expanded to mixers and containers, widely used in the pharmaceutical, food processing, and petrochemical industries to ensure product purity. Designers also developed spiral grooves on the carbon primary ring to accommodate low-speed and high-shaft runout conditions, achieving both hydrodynamic and hydrostatic lift.   Twenty years later, seal designs were further upgraded to meet the demands of higher pressures and solids-laden processes. Figure 7 shows a new seal designed for large-bore ANSI pumps, offering enhanced solids handling and performance.     The latest development is a gas seal suitable for high-temperature service (up to 800°F / 425°C). The metal bellows seal, shown in Figure 8, provides spring force, accommodates axial displacement, and effectively transmits torque. The bellows acts as a dynamic sealing element, supporting a variety of secondary seal combinations. The seal features pressure balancing and reverse operation to prevent accidental release of process fluids.     Figure 6: Gas-lubricated, non-contact mixer     Figure 7: Gas-lubricated, non-contact seal for high pressure and solid materials     Figure 8: Gas-lubricated, non-contact seal for high-temperature service   Application of Spiral Groove Technology     In all pressurized dual seal configurations, the barrier fluid pressure is higher than the process pressure being sealed. The dual gas seal differs from other pressurized seal configurations in that it does not rely on fluid circulation between the seals, but instead relies on an external inert gas source to pressurize the seal chamber. According to API 682, Fourth Edition, the corresponding piping plan for this type of seal is Piping Plan 74. Figure 9 shows a basic schematic diagram of this plan.     Figure 9 API Piping Plan 74 - API 682 Fourth Edition   The sealing system works by allowing fluid to flow from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area. Mechanical seals minimize leakage through sealing faces and O-rings while maintaining a small gap to prevent overheating. This gap allows the high-pressure fluid to flow to the atmosphere. Dry gas barrier seals use a regulated inert gas (such as nitrogen) at a pressure 30 to 50 psi above the process pressure to achieve a seal.   Nitrogen is most commonly used as the barrier gas due to its compatibility and affordability. Nitrogen is typically supplied from a pressurized nitrogen line or from a nitrogen cylinder, but this is less reliable. If nitrogen pressure is insufficient, a gas booster can be used.   The control system must regulate pressure, filter the barrier gas, and monitor pressure and flow to prevent overpressure. Due to the extremely small gap between the sealing faces, the gas must be filtered to less than 1 micron. A flow meter monitors the gas flow, while the API Plan 74 panel is equipped with a transmitter to continuously monitor the seal status. The key parameter is the barrier gas pressure supplied to the seal.   Advantages of Gas Seals for End Users   Despite the numerous advantages of gas seals in pumping equipment, there are still some misunderstandings regarding the choice between wet and dry dual pressurized seal configurations. Wet pressurized seals rely on a liquid barrier fluid (such as API Plans 53A/B/C and 54) for lubrication and cooling, while dry pressurized seals use gas and require minimal preconditioning.   Cost Comparison The base cost of wet and dry seal cassettes is similar. Wet seals require nitrogen, clean fluid, electrical wiring, cooling water, and power for the pump and fan; dry seals, on the other hand, rely primarily on nitrogen and electrical connections; if pressurization is required, they only require power to the nitrogen booster.   Barrier Fluid Compatibility Wet seals have higher compatibility requirements for liquid barrier fluids, which may affect process quality. Dry seals use inert nitrogen, which generally does not pose compatibility issues.   System Monitoring and Maintenance Wet seals require regular replenishment of barrier fluid and maintenance of the heat exchanger. Dry seals require monitoring of barrier pressure and a backup nitrogen source to ensure system reliability. Although high gas flow rates with dry seals require investigation, continued operation is generally acceptable as long as the barrier pressure remains stable.   Energy Consumption and Heat Control Compared to gas seals, wet seals consume more horsepower and generate more heat. Gas seals also experience lower temperature rises and lower energy consumption. According to statistics, wet seals consume approximately 1,300 kWh of electricity and release 2 tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) annually, while dry seals consume only 350 kWh and release 0.54 tons of CO₂. Over the past 31 years, approximately 105,000 gas seals have been installed worldwide, with an average operating life of six years per system, resulting in cumulative energy savings of 8.6 million kWh, equivalent to the total electricity consumption of the residents of Houston, Texas.   Installation Flexibility Gas seal systems eliminate the need for complex fluid circulation, allowing for greater flexibility in the installation location of control and monitoring instruments. In contrast, wet seals require closer installation to the equipment to reduce piping losses. This flexibility is particularly useful in equipment retrofit projects, facilitating maintenance and repairs.   Compared to traditional liquid-lubricated contact seals, non-contacting dry gas seal technology significantly reduces fugitive emissions from process pumps, saving thousands of tons of toxic waste and eliminating the need for cooling water. Furthermore, this technology reduces parasitic power losses, significantly improving energy efficiency and saving approximately 2 tons of CO₂ per pump annually. Furthermore, improved mean time between repairs (MTBR) and equipment reliability offer significant operating cost advantages.     Non-contacting dry gas lubricated seal technology remains an ideal solution for achieving emission reduction goals and improving equipment reliability. As with any advanced technology, its application must be scientifically sound and tailored to local conditions. Proper selection and implementation of this technology not only improves equipment performance but also delivers significant economic and environmental benefits.

Common faults of water pumpsplease see the table below: Symptom Possible Cause Solution Mechanical seal leakage Impurities in the medium Improve media filtration and replace or clean the filter (core) promptly. Air mixed in the medium Increase exhaust flow and install automatic exhaust valves in the pipeline. Pump inlet pressure too low, causing cavitation Improve inlet conditions and increase inlet pressure. Flow rate deviation, pump head too high Adjust the pump's operating point to an appropriate value. Incompatibility between the medium and the mechanical seal material, improper mechanical seal selection Replace the appropriate type of mechanical seal. Improper flushing or cooling pipe installation Re-adjust the installation. Pump noise and vibration Air entering the pump Install an automatic air vent at the highest point in the pipeline Cavitation in the pump Improve inlet conditions, increase inlet pressure, and reduce the outlet valve Foreign matter in the pump Disassemble the pump and remove foreign matter Lack of oil in the pump or motor bearings Lubricate more thoroughly and replace bearings if necessary Poor coupling alignment Realign and replace damaged coupling components if necessary Motor temperature too high Ambient temperature too high Increase pump room ventilation Pump flow rate deviation, causing motor overcurrent Control the pump operating point within a reasonable range Voltage too low or too high Improve power supply voltage Motor bearing failure Lubricate or replace bearings Motor fan failure Troubleshoot fan failure Coupling misalignment Realign     Maintenance of water pump system   Regularly clean the exterior of the water pump and motor, and regularly clean the components inside the electrical control cabinet (using a vacuum cleaner is recommended). Regularly inspect the connections and fastenings of the water pump and piping, and regularly check the wiring inside the electrical control cabinet for loose connections. Regularly add or replace grease to the bearings of the water pump and motor. For components lubricated with thin oil, check the oil level frequently to ensure it is neither too high nor too low, and consider changing the oil if necessary. If bearings are deteriorating, replace them promptly. Regularly inspect the filter at the water pump inlet and replace or clean the filter screen (core) promptly. Regularly inspect the water pump mechanical seal for leaks. If leaks are detected, identify the cause, correct it, and replace a new mechanical seal. Regularly check the alignment of the water pump coupling and adjust it appropriately. Regularly inspect the motor insulation. Regularly check the actual operating point of the water pump to ensure it is normal. If not, adjust it appropriately.

In environments like the petrochemical industry, coal mines, and underground engineering, where flammable and explosive media are present, an explosion can cause significant damage and loss to life and property. However, there's one piece of equipment that can ensure our safety: the explosion-proof submersible sewage pump. Explosion-proof submersible sewage pumps play a vital role in flammable and explosive environments. When the explosive gas mixture inside the motor explodes, the pump's flameproof casing withstands the impact and high temperatures, preventing damage. Furthermore, internal flames cannot penetrate the casing's mating surfaces and ignite the external explosive atmosphere, thus preventing the fire from spreading and increasing the risk. Explosion-proof submersible sewage pumps provide a strong safeguard for the safety of life and property. Currently, there are numerous brands of explosion-proof submersible sewage pumps on the market, and their quality varies widely. Therefore, when purchasing, be sure to choose a reputable brand and ensure that its quality meets relevant standards.   Today, I'd like to recommend several explosion-proof submersible sewage pumps.   1. Tsurumi KTX Series Explosion-Proof Submersible Sewage Pump This pump has a maximum diameter of DN100 and a maximum power of 11 KW, making it suitable for applications with low flow and head requirements.   Discharge Bore(mm)：50 - 100 Motor Output(kW)：0.4 - 11 The HSX/KTX series are submersible explosion-proof drainage pumps. Equipped with high-chromium cast iron impellers excellent in wear resistance, they are built to heavy-duty specifications. The HSX-series pump is single-phase powered, and the shaft-mounted agitator prevents air locks, which tend to occur in vortex or semi-vortex pumps. The KTX-series pump is three-phase powered and built to high head specifications, and the slim design allows the pump to be placed in a confined space.   2. Domestic BQS Mining Flameproof Submersible Pump This pump has a maximum flow rate of 2000 m³/h, a maximum head of 800 m, and a maximum power of 315 KW. Customizable power options are available, making it suitable for high flow rates, high heads, and drainage in most harsh working conditions. 3. Domestic WQB Series Ordinary Explosion-Proof Submersible Sewage Pump This pump has a maximum power of 200 KW and a maximum flow rate of 3000 m³/h. It can be used in chemical plant environments requiring standard explosion-proof conditions, such as stormwater and domestic water drainage. 4. Domestic BWQG Series Stainless Steel Explosion-Proof Submersible Sewage Pump This pump features a stainless steel casing and can be used in corrosive environments where explosion protection is required. It can also be equipped with a mixing device to shred impurities in the medium before discharging them, preventing impeller entanglement.

In the scorching summer heat, air conditioning has become an indispensable appliance in our lives. It creates a cool and comfortable environment, and behind this, the air conditioning pump plays a vital role. So, what is the function of an air conditioning pump? Detailed Explanation of the Function of an Air Conditioning Pump   I. Basic Concepts of Air Conditioning Pumps The air conditioning pump, also known as an air conditioning circulation pump or chilled water pump, is a key component in an air conditioning system. It is primarily responsible for circulating the coolant (usually water or a glycol solution) between the condenser, evaporator, and other related components to ensure the proper operation of the air conditioning system. II. Working Principle of an Air Conditioning Pump The working principle of an air conditioning pump is based on the basic principle of a centrifugal pump. When the motor drives the pump shaft to rotate, the impeller inside the pump rotates accordingly, generating centrifugal force. This centrifugal force draws coolant from the pump's inlet and pushes it toward the outlet, creating a continuous circulation flow. In this way, the coolant absorbs heat from the room and carries it to the outside for discharge, achieving the cooling effect of the air conditioner.   III. The Function of an Air Conditioning Pump in an Air Conditioning System 1. Circulation: The air conditioning pump is the power source for the circulation of coolant in the air conditioning system. It continuously transports coolant from the condenser to the evaporator and back to the condenser, ensuring continuous and efficient heat transfer within the system. 2. Refrigeration: In the evaporator, the coolant absorbs heat from the room and evaporates, achieving a cooling effect. The air conditioning pump ensures unimpeded flow of coolant in the evaporator, enabling the cooling process to proceed smoothly. 3. Energy Saving: The design and optimization of the air conditioning pump is crucial to improving the energy efficiency of the air conditioning system. Through reasonable pump speed control and design optimization, energy consumption can be reduced and the overall efficiency of the system can be improved. IV. Air Conditioning Pump Selection and Maintenance When selecting an air conditioning pump, it's important to consider parameters such as system size, flow rate, and head to ensure the pump meets system requirements. Regular maintenance and servicing are also crucial for long-term, stable operation of the air conditioning pump. This includes cleaning the pump body, inspecting seals, and replacing worn parts, all of which can extend the pump's lifespan and improve system reliability.   What is the function of an air conditioning pump? As an integral component of the air conditioning system, the importance of the air conditioning pump is self-evident. A thorough understanding of the operating principles and functions of the air conditioning pump not only helps us better understand and use the air conditioning system but also provides strong support for routine maintenance and servicing. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology, the performance and efficiency of air conditioning pumps will continue to improve, bringing greater convenience and comfort to our lives. Shanghai Sanli Pump Industry (Group) Co., Ltd. is a technology-based enterprise specializing in the research and development, manufacturing, installation, and commissioning of secondary water supply equipment. We provide customers with cost-effective automatic water supply equipment specifically designed for high-rise buildings, suitable for residential areas of varying sizes and floor levels. The company specializes in the production and operation of variable frequency constant pressure water supply equipment, constant pressure water supply equipment, non-negative pressure variable frequency water supply equipment, secondary water supply equipment, box-type non-negative pressure pump stations, fire-fighting equipment, sewage pumps, water tanks, and pipeline clean water pumps. It is a high-quality non-negative pressure water supply equipment manufacturer.

Mechanical seals are essential to the smooth and reliable operation of industrial pumps. Their performance directly affects the overall efficiency and maintenance costs of the equipment. Once a mechanical seal fails, it can cause significant financial losses, especially if the root cause is not promptly addressed. Experts in the field point out that premature failure of mechanical seals is usually not due to inherent defects in the seal itself, but to external factors. The main reason for mechanical seal failure is the lack of a stable liquid film between moving parts. This emphasizes its importance in the entire system. The root cause of the unstable liquid film must be identified and resolved to ensure long-term reliable performance of the mechanical seal. The following table summarizes the key factors that lead to mechanical seal failure: Table 1 Key factors leading to mechanical seal failure PHASE Causes of failure Results Impact % Selection Incorrect selection of materials and sliding surfaces Chemical attack, corrosion Liquid film evaporation B 10% Incorrect selection of flushing plan Mechanical seal overheating A Incorrect selection of mechanical seal type Seal Deformation of cover, abnormal behavior A Installation Incorrect installation of mechanical seal Degraded mechanical seal performance, working conditions do not meet specification requirements A,C 20% Incorrect installation of flushing/cooling system Inadequate flushing leads to overheating of mechanical seal A Start-up and stable operation Foreign particles in pipeline or plant Wear and damage of sealing ring Inadequate flushing Overheating of mechanical seal A 60% Air pockets in machine or equipment Overheating of mechanical seal A Incorrect setting of auxiliary systems Overheating of mechanical seal A Incorrect machine calibration and centering Instability of liquid film A Excessive vibration Instability of liquid film Damage to sealing surface A Start-up under dry-running conditions Overheating, abnormal wear A Operation not in accordance with technical specifications Degraded mechanical seal performance A Post-processing Inadequate machine maintenance Degraded mechanical seal performance A,B,C 10% Incorrect refurbishment of mechanical seal Degraded mechanical seal performance A,B,C Incorrect installation after refurbishment Degraded mechanical seal performance A,C   Reasons for mechanical seal failure include: A) Missing or unstable film between the seal surfaces B) Damage C) Excessive leakage   How to reduce the maintenance cost of mechanical seals In-plant maintenance can reduce costs. To achieve this, there are two important factors: - Technological development - Standardization and interchangeability   Technological development A mechanical seal consists of a rotating part (rotating ring) and a fixed part (stationary ring). The rotating ring is usually connected to the rotating part of the equipment (such as the shaft), while the stationary ring is connected to the fixed part of the machine (such as the stuffing box of a rotary pump). To ensure effective sealing performance, the sealing surfaces must be absolutely flat and the surface roughness must be extremely low. The rotating and stationary rings with precisely matched dimensions can fit tightly and effectively prevent the leakage of process fluids. The interaction between the two sealing surfaces determines the hydraulic balance state of the mechanical seal. Under normal working conditions, the liquid film formed can achieve a hydraulic balance between the opening and closing forces generated by the pressure of the sealing fluid, thereby limiting physical leakage. The API 682 standard provides detailed guidance and specifications on how to calculate the correct sizing parameters. However, during operation, the seal ring may deform due to mechanical and thermal stress, which can affect the performance of the mechanical seal. This deformation can disrupt the original hydraulic balance, making the liquid film between the sealing faces unstable, which in turn leads to excessive leakage. Therefore, engineers continue to explore new technical methods to reduce friction, especially in critical application conditions, with special attention to the development of new materials and the application of new sealing technologies. These innovations have significantly improved the sealing efficiency and reliability in modern production processes.   Non-contact technology - sliding end faces with grooves The non-contact mechanical end face seal system consists of a dynamic ring and a static ring. The end face of the dynamic ring is specially processed with a specific geometry (such as spiral or stepped) to generate a fluid dynamic effect between the two end faces, thereby forming a stable small gap between them (refer to Figure 1). This design uses the principle of fluid dynamic lift, so that the sealing faces can maintain an effective sealing state without direct contact. Unlike traditional contact seals, this non-contact design does not rely on a liquid barrier and its related support system. Instead, it achieves the sealing effect by supplying an inert gas to the sealing interface. The selection of inert gas is usually based on its chemical stability and adaptability to the working environment to avoid reaction with the sealed medium. In addition, the pressure and flow of the inert gas can be precisely controlled through a simple control panel to ensure the stability and reliability of the sealing performance. Since the friction coefficient and wear of the seal can be effectively reduced to near zero, this solution is very suitable for application scenarios that require significant energy saving, especially in the oil and gas, petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries that require zero emissions. Figure 1: Spiral groove face ring   New generation of materials SiC materials with self-lubricating properties are widely used in mechanical seals. When choosing the pairing of moving parts, materials of different hardness are usually used to minimize friction. The choice of sealing ring combination is particularly critical, with the most common combination being carbon rings and silicon carbide rings (see Figure 2, Pressure x Velocity - PxV coefficients for common face combinations). This combination not only has excellent thermal conductivity and chemical resistance, but also effectively resists wear caused by abrasive particles in the fluid. When graphite rings and silicon carbide rings deform for various reasons, they show excellent mutual adaptation and maintain good sealing performance. However, in the case of very high operating pressures or when the fluid contains a lot of dirt, two high-hardness rings must be used to ensure the sealing effect. Although these materials have a high friction coefficient, this leads to high heat generation during rotation, which may cause evaporation of the liquid film, resulting in dry running, ring deformation or fracture, and affecting the performance of the auxiliary gasket. A recently developed manufacturing process adds self-lubricating material particles to the sintered silicon carbide matrix by impregnation (SiC impregnation). The stationary and rotating rings made in this way can reach extremely high performance limits. Specifically, mechanical seals using this material are able to limit the amount of torque absorbed, significantly reducing friction and heat generation. This not only improves the durability and reliability of the sealing components, but also extends their service life, especially for applications under extreme working conditions.   Figure 2: P x V coefficient graph   Diamond-coated seal faces Silicon carbide rings are usually coated with a thin layer of diamond coating by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to enhance their tribological properties and chemical compatibility. In hot water applications in power plants and in oil and petrochemical facilities, liquid gases tend to evaporate, resulting in loss of lubrication properties, and diamond coatings can significantly improve the wear and corrosion resistance of seals. In the pharmaceutical industry, traditional seals often fail to meet the stringent requirements due to the need to avoid any contamination, while diamond-coated seals show excellent chemical inertness and purity, fully meeting these high standards. In addition, mechanical seals with diamond-coated rings can withstand short-term operation under dry-running conditions of double seals and non-contact seals, further expanding their application range.   Engineering machinery seals Maintaining the consistency of the cross-sectional area of the seal ring is a major challenge during the design stage (see Figure 3). This consistency is essential to ensure the driving stability of the seal ring and prevent reverse rotation. Such seals are currently widely used in boiler feed pumps, pipelines, water injection systems, multiphase pumps and other high-pressure applications with operating pressures exceeding 100 bar. Precisely controlling the size and shape of the seal ring not only helps maintain sealing performance, but also effectively reduces wear and extends service life. Sliding surface behavior under high pressure stress And sliding surface shape with limited deformation under high pressure Figure 3: Optimal design of sealing ring   Standardization and Interchangeability Mechanical seal assemblies, like other industrial parts, have a reference standard that specifies their installation dimensions, allowing seals from other manufacturers to be substituted. This not only improves the quality of service for the end user, but also reduces plant operating costs.   EN 12756 Standard The EN 12756 standard specifies the main installation dimensions for single and double mechanical seals when used as assemblies, excluding flanges and sleeves covering rotating and stationary parts. The first mechanical seals were introduced to Europe from the United States in the early post-war period, with dimensions in inches. DIN 24960, which later evolved into EN 12756, brought great benefits to manufacturers of pumps produced to ISO standards, and especially to end users, as they were no longer restricted to seal suppliers that offered non-standardized products. The price of seals and their associated maintenance costs were thus significantly reduced.   API Standard Pumps in oil and gas equipment are usually manufactured to API 610, while mechanical seals are usually manufactured to API 682. According to the standard, seals must be supplied in the form of cartridge assemblies, i.e. complete with flange and sleeve, to simplify installation and allow testing before delivery. The API standard provides recommendations for determining mechanical seal dimensions based on the stuffing box specifications of different API pumps on the market. This standardization is not only technically feasible, but also allows the overall dimensions of the components in the stuffing box to be standardized, thus enabling medium-sized batch production and reducing manufacturing and warehouse management costs. Importantly, this standardization allows end users to choose different "qualified mechanical seal manufacturers", thus eliminating interchangeability issues. In this way, users have the flexibility to choose the right seal and ensure that it can be replaced smoothly, reducing downtime and maintenance costs caused by seal mismatches.

The chemical industry is full of corrosive and hazardous chemicals. Although these media play a key role in the relevant industries, they pose a serious challenge to pump equipment. The more corrosive the process fluid is, the greater the wear on mechanical parts, which in turn leads to more frequent maintenance, higher cost of ownership, and even potential safety hazards. Therefore, pump manufacturers must fully understand the specific characteristics of the fluids they handle to ensure that the right materials are selected for the pump. First, it should be clear what kind of fluid is being handled This question seems simple, but it is often overlooked in actual applications. Different fluids have very different corrosive properties (for example, the materials required to transport water are far less demanding than those required to transport hydrochloric acid).   Second, it is necessary to confirm whether the fluid contains solid particles As these particles will increase the corrosion rate.   Third, consider the concentration of the fluid This parameter has a significant impact on corrosiveness. Using hydrochloric acid as an example, 100% hydrochloric acid is less corrosive than 36% hydrochloric acid due to the higher reaction rate at the lower concentration.   The fourth and final critical factor is fluid temperature Temperature changes can significantly alter the reaction rates in the fluid, accelerating the corrosion process. Knowing these characteristics and accurately communicating them to the manufacturer helps users obtain a canned motor pump that is suitable for their specific conditions while avoiding unnecessary material investments. Table 1 lists three examples that cover the potential range of corrosivity.   Minimally corrosive Corrosive Highly corrosive Fluid Water Anhydrous hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Temperature Normal temperature (75°F) Normal: -14°F, Operating: 100°F 200°F Concentration 100% 100% 36% Solid particles Contains Contains Contains Table 1: Examples of potential corrosive ranges   Once the above parameters are determined, the end user can provide the information to the pump manufacturer, who can then make key material selections. The selection of wet-end components is particularly critical. The so-called "wet-end" refers to those parts that are in direct contact with the process fluid. Some wet-end components corrode at a higher rate than others, which is related to the fluid flow rate they are subjected to (for example, the impeller, as the component that transmits rotational energy to the fluid, usually has a higher flow rate than parts such as bearings or rotors). Therefore, the selection of wet-end materials is the most complex and needs to be adjusted according to the actual corrosiveness of the process fluid. Another important decision that the pump manufacturer needs to make is the selection of "tank" material. The tank is the main pressure boundary component that contains the process fluid and must be strong enough to withstand the operating pressure while allowing the electromagnetic field to be transmitted from the stator to the rotor. The electromagnetic field is generated by the stator and drives the rotor to rotate, which is the basis for the operation of all induction motors. Therefore, nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy (also known as C-276 alloy) has become the first choice for tank material due to its excellent strength and corrosion resistance. Although this material is critical, since most canned motor pumps are made of this material, the material selection is relatively uniform and less restrictive. Now that we have identified the fluid information that the end user needs to provide and why it is necessary, we can analyze specific real-life application cases with the help of the three fluid situations in Table 1. The first example is water without solid particles at room temperature (75°F) This fluid is extremely non-corrosive and has a wide range of wet-end materials to choose from. The most common material for canned motor pumps is 304 stainless steel, which is an economical and durable metal material. Some manufacturers even recommend the use of plastic materials such as nitrile rubber or polypropylene. As mentioned earlier, the tank body is generally made of C-276 alloy, which is also the standard configuration of most canned motor pumps.   The second example is 100% anhydrous hydrochloric acid, which has a wide operating temperature range (-18°F~68°F) Although hydrochloric acid itself is highly corrosive, its overall corrosiveness is relatively low due to its extremely high concentration and low temperature. Therefore, the selection of 316 stainless steel can effectively deal with the corrosion risk under this condition. The most corrosive liquid mentioned in Table 1 is hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 37% at 200°F. This condition combines the two factors of high temperature and low concentration that aggravate corrosion, posing a great challenge to the material. For most alloys, high-temperature hydrochloric acid will not only accelerate the corrosion of the metal, but also further induce secondary corrosion of the metal by water. Under such extreme conditions, it is difficult to find a standard metal material that can meet the corrosion protection requirements. Therefore, manufacturers often choose special materials such as armor with excellent corrosion resistance. In addition, in order to protect the motor components, a clean water flushing circulation system is also used to prevent damage to the C-276 tank and bearing materials. Although such applications require higher material costs, they are necessary investments to ensure the long-term stable operation and safety of the pump. Material selection may seem complicated, but it is actually a key step in maximizing pump performance. For the end user, although the task seems simple, it is crucial. A deep understanding of your application requirements and full communication with the pump manufacturer are the first steps to a successful selection. If this step is not performed properly, resulting in distorted information about fluid properties, the design basis of the entire pump will be biased. As a pump manufacturer, it is necessary not only to fully understand the user's actual application environment, but also to clearly understand the interaction between these conditions and the existing materials. The key is to ensure that the selected materials can handle the most severe operating conditions while taking into account the economical design.

              Challenges in building technology: The biggest challenge is to see the big picture   Holistic planning and project implementation are the essence of building supply technology. The challenge here is to combine many different components into a perfect complete solution. The best cost-benefit ratio, lean procurement processes and continuous process optimization are other key factors for success. In addition, the products and solutions must be easy to use and sometimes available worldwide. Professional consulting services at any time and anywhere are also indispensable for project success.   KSB has the right solution for any project in the field of residential and building technology. Because you can get individual components for drainage, water supply, all heating and air-conditioning circuits as well as fully coordinated and efficient systems from KSB. KSB always looks at the entire project and constantly checks the energy efficiency and long-term costs of all processes. In addition, KSB's products and services are easy to use and available worldwide. A global production and service network, coupled with well-trained personnel, ensure short reaction times and efficient cooperation.   KSB has extensive manufacturing technology and decades of experience in residential and building technology. As a full-service provider, KSB can offer you a wide range of energy-saving, partly digitally enabled pumps and solutions. In addition, KSB has developed intelligent planning tools to help you achieve optimal planning. Further useful tools such as the energy-saving concept Fluid Future®, the Webshop-EDI interface function or spare parts packages round off the KSB portfolio.   Applications in building technology Heating and cooling KSB offers the right components for cooling and heating systems. As part of its comprehensive product range, these include pumps and valves as well as automation and drive solutions. Water supply Water is a precious commodity - and expensive. Accordingly, achieving optimal domestic water distribution requires safe, reliable, clean and economical solutions. Drainage KSB offers energy-saving, low-maintenance, durable and reliable high-quality pumps and valves for draining sewage and rainwater. Firefighting Operational reliability is of paramount importance. Perfectly functioning KSB products ensure the supply of fire water in the event of a fire.     KSB products are the basis for perfectly coordinated and efficient HVAC systems KSB is the only supplier on the market that offers a complete range of products for heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems – including pumps, valves as well as automation and drive solutions. This allows you to select the right components for your system with the corresponding characteristics.   Efficient components that are optimally matched to each other meet any requirements for heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems – whether in a family home or an airport. KSB products are therefore always the basis for an overall perfectly coordinated and efficient HVAC system. A comprehensive range of services from a single source rounds off the KSB portfolio for heating and cooling in building technology.   KSB offers you complete solutions that you can always count on!    

The path to a sustainable hydrogen economy is full of challenges To effectively protect the climate, we need to significantly reduce the share of fossil fuels in the energy mix and promote the further expansion of renewable energies. Hydrogen is seen as one of the most promising forms of renewable energy. If climate neutrality is the goal, it can significantly reduce carbon emissions, leaving the power sector far behind. In Germany alone, there will be hydrogen plants with a total installed capacity of up to 10 GW by 2030, and KSB is providing advanced solutions to achieve this goal.   We spare no effort in the development of hydrogen energy Hydrogen technology will play a key role in the future energy supply as it has many advantages. Firstly, "green" hydrogen produced using electrolysers is carbon neutral and relatively simple to produce. Electrolysis is the process of splitting water molecules (i.e. H2O) into hydrogen and oxygen at the cathode and anode using electricity (in this case from renewable sources such as wind, hydro or photovoltaics). The two gases are separated and processed for further use. Hydrogen produced in this way can be used for a wide range of applications, such as storing energy, producing climate-neutral fuels, powering vehicles or as a raw material for the steel and chemical industries. As a solution for compact containerized electrolysers: The flow rates here are around 10 m3/h.   Choosing the right pumps and valves is crucial in the transition to hydrogen. As an experienced manufacturer in the field of industrial and chemical processes, we have a broad product portfolio and extensive expertise in systems engineering, operating modes, materials and energy efficiency. We have the perfect product for every production technology for green hydrogen. Our solutions are compatible with all major green hydrogen production technologies – from alkaline electrolysis (AEL) and proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEM) technologies to future technologies such as anion exchange membrane electrolysis (AEM) or high-temperature electrolysis (HTEL). Of course, as a full-service supplier with comprehensive expertise, we also offer ideal solutions for the production of blue, grey or blue-green hydrogen. Whichever process wins out in the future and which production scale or type of electrolyser proves to be more efficient, KSB will be able to cope with it because its product portfolio covers all stages of the hydrogen value chain and different Power-to-X technologies (including the production, transportation, storage and use of hydrogen). In addition to our research activities and extensive funding projects, we also keep a close eye on emerging hydrogen business models and technologies. These initiatives are aimed at developing this technology for a greener future and driving the development of the hydrogen economy. We are committed to creating a greener future together with you. Welcome to the world of green solutions!   Our products for hydrogen energy applications Vertical multistage high pressure centrifugal pump：Movitec、MV、 Horizontal centrifugal pump：ETN、ISH、NISO Shielded pump：Hollow Shaft Basic Type (HVType)、Reverse circulation Type (HN Type）、External Circulation Basic Type (HP Type) Magnetic pump：QSP

Reliable pumps and valves, innovative technology, comprehensive service: SOOU is an expert in reliable and efficient water extraction, water treatment and water distribution.   Optimised products from a specialist for the entire water cycle Fresh, clean water every day: a challenge for water technology applications. Today’s water management systems have to meet complex requirements. Failure is not an option, yet systems are expected to work as cost-effectively and energy-efficiently as possible – for decades at a time. This means that consultants, engineering contractors and operators need an experienced partner who knows every detail of the application and is thus able to select the right products. These are pumps and valves that ensure low operating costs and reliable operation.   Whether water extraction, water treatment or water transport: SUOU offers pumps and valves for the entire water cycle.SUOU offers a wide range of high-quality water pumps and valves that are particularly efficient and reliable. These enable SUOU to ensure that water technology systems can be operated reliably and economically.   To ensure optimum operation, SUOU products are expertly designed for the fluid handled and the specific application. Learning from decades of experience and keeping one step ahead in research and development helps us to ensure the high quality of our products and services. This enables you to operate your system reliably, smoothly and with low life cycle costs. Comprehensive advice and a high level of service expertise provide you with additional support.   Water treatment: A complex task bearing great responsibility Surging global demand for water – especially in industry and households – requires ever more and larger water treatment systems and plants which have to work efficiently. A further challenge is that in future more than 40 % of drinking water will have to be produced via seawater desalination.   Obtaining drinking water or process water often requires mechanical and biological water treatment. In many cases, large masses of water need to be transported as energy-efficiently as possible. Especially in the case of drinking water treatment, all components must also meet stringent hygiene standards as people’s health is at stake.   SUOU ensures that you are better equipped for any challenge SUOU can help you tackle water treatment processes, whatever the requirements. SUOU pumps and valves ensure efficient transport to treatment facilities. In performing this task, they are very reliable and require minimal maintenance.   Thanks to a flexible modular design system, SUOU can offer the right pumps regardless of your system requirements. Pumps and valves are also perfectly optimised to work with each other. SUOU products thus enable extremely energy-efficient operation and help to reduce the life cycle costs of your system.   SUOU solutions for water treatment: flexible, durable, efficient SUOU offers you particularly durable pumps and valves of excellent quality, using innovative technology and meeting high hygiene standards. SUOU also benefits from a broad base of application knowledge in the field of water treatment. This know-how is based on experience with numerous successfully implemented projects all over the world. SUOU is continuously expanding this knowledge through its own research.  In addition, SUOU offers a comprehensive range of engineering services which see our specialists supporting consultants, engineering contractors and operators – for example with building design or hydraulic calculations for optimum and efficient plants.

  For heating and cooling systems: Individual challenges require individual solutions   For heating and cooling systems: Individual challenges require individual solutions   Clean air and the right air humidity and temperature: Creating an optimal indoor climate is the basic prerequisite for comfort and efficiency – for humans and machines alike.   Whether it’s a family home, an office complex or a computer centre: Every building is different and presents specific challenges in the planning and implementation of an optimal heating, air conditioning and ventilation system. Effective and efficient HVAC systems require suitable, individual components that are matched to one another.   The challenges vary depending on the building project, but the requirements placed on the components remain the same. The pumps and valves used should function reliably, quietly and have a long service life.   In addition to functionality, however, the economic and ecological parameters of heating and cooling systems in building technology are equally important. The efficient use of energy is one of the most important topics.   KSB products are the basis for perfectly matched and efficient HVAC systems   KSB is the only supplier on the market that offers a complete range of products for heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems – including pumps, valves as well as automation and drive solutions. This allows you to select the right components for your system with the right characteristics.   Efficient components that are optimally matched to each other meet all requirements for heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems – whether in a family home or an airport. KSB products are therefore always the basis for an overall perfectly coordinated and efficient HVAC system.   A comprehensive range of services from a single source rounds off the KSB portfolio for heating and cooling in building technology.     Horizontal volute casing pump, single-stage, with ratings and main dimensions to EN 733, long-coupled, back pull-out design, with replaceable shaft sleeves / shaft protecting sleeves and casing wear rings, with motor-mounted variable speed system. With KSB SuPremE, a magnetless synchronous reluctance motor (exception: motor sizes 0.55 kW / 0.75 kW with 1500 rpm are designed with permanent magnets) of efficiency class IE4/IE5 to IEC TS 60034-30-2:2016, for operation on a KSB PumpDrive 2 or KSB PumpDrive 2 Eco variable speed system without rotor position sensors. Motor mounting points in accordance with EN 50347, envelope dimensions in accordance with DIN V 42673 (07-2011). ATEX-compliant version available.   Technical Data Max. flow rate                                                        1368 m3/h Max. head                                                              160 m Max. allowed working pressure                             16 bar Maximum allowable fluid temperature                 140 °C   Main Applications Handling clean or aggressive fluids not chemically and mechanically aggressive to the pump materials. Water supply systems Cooling circuits Swimming pools Fire-fighting systems General irrigation systems Drainage systems Heating systems Air-conditioning systems Spray irrigation systems   Benefits Improved efficiency and NPSHreq by experimentally verified hydraulic design of impellers (vanes) Operating costs reduced by trimming the nominal impeller diameter to match the specified duty point Little wear, low vibration levels and excellent smooth running characteristics thanks to good suction performance and virtually cavitation-free operation across a wide operating range Large variety of materials as standard for perfectly matching the pump to the fluid handled PumpDrive perfectly matched to pump and motor by default factory parameter settings Motor-mounted variable speed system up to 45 kW saves space Pump operation made fully transparent with PumpMeter The efficiency of the motor also exceeds 95 % of the nominal efficiency when the motor runs at 25 % of its nominal power on a quadratic torque-speed curve. Sustainable and environmentally friendly because no magnets based on “rare earth elements” such as NdFeB are used     Technical Data Function                                                             Pump Connection type                                                 Flange Drive concept                                                     With electric actuator,                                                                           Combustion engine Max. flow rate                                                    1368 m3/h Min. flow rate                                                     1.5 m3/h Max. head                                                          160m Min. head                                                            2 m Mains frequency                                                 50 Hz,                                                                            60 Hz Mains voltage                                                     400 V,                                                                            460 V,                                                                            220 V,                                                                            230 V,                                                                            240 V,                                                                            380 V,                                                                            415 V,                                                                            500 V,                                                                            575 V,                                                                            660V,                                                                             690 V            Casing material                                                  EN-GJL-250/A48 CL 35B,                                                                            CC480K-GS/B30 C90700,                                                                            1.4408/A743CF8M,                                                                            EN-GJS-400-15/A536 GR 60-40-18 Nominal pressure                                                PN 16,                                                                            PN 10,                                                                            CL 150,                                                                            CL 125 Max. allowed working pressure                           16 bar Suction behaviour                                               Non-self-priming Maximum allowable fluid temperature               140 °C Minimum allowable fluid temperature                 -30 °C